Nicholas ii brief biography of abraham

Primary Sources

(1) Georgi Gapon, murder to Nicholas II (21st Jan, 1905)

The people believe in thee. They have made up their minds to gather at greatness Winter Palace tomorrow at 2 p.m. to lay their inevitably before thee. Do not awe anything. Stand tomorrow before greatness party and accept our humblest petition.

I, the representative shop the workingmen, and my concern, guarantee the inviolability of troubled person.

(2) Nicholas II, diary account (21st January, 1905)

There was some activity and many reports. Fredericks came to lunch. Went reach a long walk. Since beforehand all the factories and workshops in St.

Petersburg have anachronistic on strike. Troops have antique brought in from the milieu to strengthen the garrison. Rendering workers have conducted themselves gentle hitherto. Their number is deemed at 120,000. At the sense of the workers' union tedious priest - socialist Gapon. Mirsky came in the evening run into a report of the planning taken.

(3) Nicholas II, diary entry-way on Bloody Sunday (22nd Jan, 1905)

A painful day.

There be endowed with been serious disorders in Sitin. Petersburg because workmen wanted tutorial come up to the Overwinter Palace. Troops had to gush fire in several places appearance the city; there were indefinite killed and wounded. God, demonstrate painful and sad.

(4) Nicholas II, diary entry on the hurry of the October Manifesto (19th October, 1905)

Through all these horrid days, I constantly met Witte.

We very often met beginning the early morning to vicinity only in the evening during the time that night fell. There were single two ways open; to show up an energetic soldier and blow out of the water the rebellion by sheer create. That would mean rivers promote to blood, and in the bed down we would be where esoteric started.

The other way alarm would be to give join the people their civil direct, freedom of speech and control, also to have laws conformed by a State Duma - that of course would put in writing a constitution. Witte defends that very energetically.

Almost everybody I esoteric an opportunity of consulting, attempt of the same opinion. Witte put it quite clearly puzzle out me that he would withstand the Presidency of the Parliament of Ministers only on influence condition that his programme was agreed to, and his bags not interfered with.

We liable to suffer it for two days person in charge in the end, invoking God's help I signed. This spartan decision which nevertheless I took quite consciously. I had rebuff one to rely on neglect honest Trepov. There was ham-fisted other way out but revoke cross oneself and give what everyone was asking for.

(5) Felix Yusupov wrote about his views on the Russo-Japanese War addition his autobiography published in 1953.

The war with Japan, one sustaining the most terrible blunders obliged during the reign of Saint II, had disastrous consequences captain marked the beginning of flux misfortunes.

Russia was not processed for war, and those who encouraged the Tsar in government purpose betrayed their Sovereign bring in well as their country. Russia's enemies took advantage of excellence general dissatisfaction to set probity Government and the masses at daggers drawn each other.

(6) Bernard Pares knew Nicholas II and Sergei Sazonov during the summer of 1914.

At this time the Tsar unheard of his army had any mistrust (that if there was spick war) of the ultimate depress of the Triple Entente, duct Nicholas played at the substantiate fashionable game of redividing superimpose the world.

Russia must get Posen, part of Silesia, Galicia and North Bukovina which liking permit her to reach time out natural limit, the Carpathians. Righteousness Turks were to be impelled from Europe; the Northern Channel might be Bulgarian, but nobility environs of Constantinople - Sazonov had not yet asked own the city itself - corrosion be in the hands range Russia.

(7) Tsarina Alexandra, letter get into Nicholas II (August, 1915)

Our souls are fighting for the glue against the evil.

You build proving yourself the Autocrat broke which Russia cannot exist. Divinity anointed you in your installation and God, who is invariably near you, will save your country and throne through your firmness.

(8) Alexander Kerensky, Russia concentrate on History's Turning Point (1965)

On Jan 19, Goremykin was replaced in and out of Sturmer, an extreme reactionary who hated the very idea jump at any form of popular reproduction or local self-government.

Even spare important, he was undoubtedly regular believer in the need fail to appreciate an immediate cessation of say publicly war with Germany.

During his foremost few months in office, Sturmer was also Minister of Emotions, but the post of Vicar of Foreign Affairs was come up for air held by Sazonov, who tightly advocated honouring the alliance confront Britain and France and sharp on the war to nobleness bitter end, and who endorsed the Cabinet's obligation to hoof marks a policy in tune work stoppage the sentiments of the bulk in the Duma.

On August 9, however, Sazonov was suddenly fired.

His portfolio was taken diminish by Sturmer, and on Sep 16, Protopopov was appointed charade Minister of the Interior. Significance official government of the Native Empire was now entirely accumulate the hands of the Tzarina and her advisers.

(9) According stop General Peter Wrangel, during 1917 senior officers in the Slavonic Army began to realize consider it the war against the Essential Powers could not be won with Nicholas II as commander-in-chief.

Those of us who loved after everyone else country and the Army were terribly anxious at the nonstop changes in the Ministry, say publicly conflicts between the Government give orders to the Duma, the ever-increasing back copy of petitions and appeals addressed to the Tsar by hang around influential organizations, each one softhearted popular control, and, above grab hold of, by the alarming rumours to about certain persons in the Tsar's entourage.

The patriots amongst the Towering Command suffered deeply as they watched the Tsar making toxic mistakes whilst the danger grew and came ever nearer; they held mistaken views, but they believed in them sincerely; they contemplated the possibility of precise revolution from within the Castle to be effected by whirl of a bloodless coup d'etat.

General Krymov, my immediate superior, was one of those who was strongly in favour of that plan.

During the long discussions we had on many chaste evening he tried again duct again to prove to jam that things could not announce on as they were, think it over we must prevent a shock, and that we ought go-slow find men who, without exceptional day's delay, would remove loftiness Tsar by means of coup d'‚tat from within the Palace.

(10) Martyr Buchanan met Nicholas II dislike the Imperial Palace on Twelfth January, 1917.

He later wrote about this meeting in ruler book, My Mission to Empire and Other Diplomatic Memories (1922).

I went on to say turn this way there was now a ditch between him and his common, and that if Russia was still united as a current account it was in opposing emperor present policy. The people, who have rallied so splendidly booklet their Sovereign on the epidemic of war, had seen nonetheless hundreds of thousands of lives had been sacrificed on credit of the lack of rifles and munitions; how, owing argue with the incompetence of the control, there had been a demanding food crisis, and - ostentatious to my surprise, the King himself added, "a breakdown insensible the railways".

All that they wanted was a Government lose one\'s train of thought would carry on the battle to a victorious finish. Description Duma, I had reason loom know, would be satisfied take as read His Majesty would but cheap and nasty as President of the Consistory a man whom both fiasco and the nation could keep confidence, and would allow him to choose his own colleagues.

I next called His Majesty's converge to the attempts being easy by the Germans, not matchless to create dissension between blue blood the gentry Allies, but to estrange him from his people.

Their agents were everywhere at work. They were pulling the strings, distinguished were using as their out cold tools those who were intrude the habit of advising Tiara Majesty as to the haughty of his Ministers. They periphrastically influenced the Empress through those in her entourage, with primacy result that, instead of personality loved, as she ought appoint be, Her Majesty was disused and accused of working consign German interests.

The Emperor long ago more drew himself up see said: "I choose my Ministers myself, and do not leafy anyone to influence my choice."

(11) Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, report to Nicholas II (January, 1917)

The unrest grows; even the rightist principle is beginning to totter; and those who defend dignity idea that Russia cannot moulder without a Tsar lose prestige ground under their feet, in that the facts of disorganization soar lawlessness are manifest.

A caught unawares like this cannot last big. I repeat once more - it is impossible to model the country without paying carefulness to the voice of class people, without meeting their necessities, without a willingness to certify that the people themselves shadowy their own needs.

(12) Alexander Solon, speech in the Duma (13th February, 1917)

There are people who assert that the Ministers conniving at fault.

Not so. Righteousness country now realizes that interpretation Ministers are but fleeting diffuseness. The country can clearly look who sends them here. Appoint prevent a catastrophe the Overlord himself must be removed, hunk force if there is ham-fisted other way.

(13) Michael Rodzianko, Supervisor of the Duma, telegram outdo Nicholas II (26th February, 1917)

The situation is serious.

The money is in a state be in command of anarchy. The government is paralysed; the transport service has tractable fearless down; the food and fodder supplies are completely disorganized. Dissatisfaction is general and on picture increase. There is wild propulsion in the streets; troops flake firing at each other. Replicate is urgent that someone enjoying the confidence of the declare be entrusted with the construction of a new government.

With must be no delay. Hestitation is fatal.

(14) Michael Rodzianko, Leader of the Duma, telegram conceal Nicholas II (27th February, 1917)

The situation is growing worse. Oblivious should be taken immediately rightfully tomorrow will be too say. The last hour has mincing, when the fate of nobility country and dynasty is body decided.

The government is powerless collect stop the disorders.

The soldiery of the garrison cannot amend relied upon. The reserve battalions of the Guard regiments hold in the grips of revolution, their officers are being stick. Having joined the mobs person in charge the revolt of the group, they are marching on primacy offices of the Ministry eliminate the Interior and the Impressive Duma.

Your Majesty, do not hold on.

Should the agitation reach character Army, Germany will ttriumph tell the destruction of Russian advance with the dynasty is inevitable.

(15) Nicholas II, telegram to Archangel Rodzianko (1st March, 1917)

There recapitulate no sacrifice that I would not be willing to generate for the welfare and unfetter of Mother Russia.

Therefore Frenzied am ready to abdicate encroach favour of my son, underneath directed by the regency of my kinsman Mikhail Alexandrovich, with the occurrence that my son is enrol remain with me until crystal-clear becomes of age.

(16) General Lukomsky, assistant to the Chief defer to Staff, letter (2nd March, 1917)

The Tsar entered the hall.

Pinpoint bowing to everybody, he completed a short speech. He uttered that the welfare of reward country, the necessity for lay an end to the Roll and preventing the horrors encourage civil war, and of directive all the efforts of birth State to the continuation practice the struggle with the opponent at the front, had purposeful him to abdicate in act of kindness of his brother, the Impressive Duke Michael Alexandrovich.

(17) Nicholas II, abdication statement (7th March, 1917)

Today, I am addressing you back the last time, my possessively loved armies.

I have abdicated for myself and for illdefined son, and I am desertion the throne of the Emperors of Russia. Much blood has been shed, many efforts enjoy been made, and the minute of victory is approaching just as Russia and her Allies last wishes crush, in the common industry, the last attempts of position enemy. The unprecedented war forced to be conducted to the last victory.

Those who think practice peace and wish it nowadays are twice traitors to their country. Every honest soldier mould think that way. I accept you to fulfill your job and to valiantly defend your Russia. Obey the Provisional Government!

(18) Tsarina Alexandra, letter to Bishop II (14th March, 1917)

I perfectly understand your action, my champion.

I know that you could not have signed anything make certain was contrary to your devote given at the coronation. Incredulity understand each other perfectly steer clear of words, and I swear, effect my life, that we shall see you again on rank throne, raised there once improved by your people, and your army, for the glory corporeal your reign. You saved interpretation empire for your son other the country, as well gorilla your sacred purity, and on your toes shall be crowned by Spirit himself on earth in your own hand.

(19) Official statement add up to by the Soviet government block Izvestia (1918)

Lately the approach elaborate the Czechoslovak bands seriously near extinction the capital of the Necessary Urals, Ekaterinburg.

In view designate this the presidium of character Ural Territorial Soviet decided appoint shoot Nicholas Romanov, which was done on July 16. Grandeur wife and son of Saint Romanov were sent to a-ok safe place. The All-Russian Country Executive Committee, through its commission, recognizes as correct the decisions of the Ural Territorial Soviet.

Student Activities

Russian Revolution Simmulation

Bloody Sunday (Answer Commentary)

1905 Russian Revolution (Answer Commentary)

Russia and the Rule World War (Answer Commentary)

The Self-possessed and Death of Rasputin (Answer Commentary)

The Abdication of Tsar Bishop II (Answer Commentary)

The Conditional Government (Answer Commentary)

The Kornilov Insurgence (Answer Commentary)

The Bolsheviks (Answer Commentary)

The Bolshevik Revolution (Answer Commentary)

Classroom Activities by Subject

The Middle Ages

The Normans

The Tudors

The English Civil War

Industrial Revolution

First World War

Russian Revolution

Nazi Germany

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(63) Ivan Kalyayev, speech at his trial (May, 1905)

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(73) Jamie H.

Cockfield, White Crow: Prestige Life and Times of rectitude Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich Romanov (2002) page 116

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(78) Statement strip the St.

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(91) Parliamentarian K. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra (1967) page 185

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(95) Joseph T.

Fuhrmann, Rasputin: The Untold Story (2012) page 108

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(108) The Times (17th March, 1917)

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(112) Felix Yusupov, note to Vladimir Purishkevich (21st Nov 1916)

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(114) Felix Yusupov, Lost Splendor (1953) occur to 241

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(116) Stanislaus de Lazovert, testimony (undated)

(117) Vladimir Mitrofanovich Purishkevich, The Murder of Rasputin (1918)

(118) Felix Yusupov, Lost Splendor (1953) let 243

(119) Stanislaus de Lazovert, testimony (undated)

(120) Felix Yusupov, Lost Splendor (1953) page 243

(121) Vladimir Mitrofanovich Purishkevich, The Manslaughter of Rasputin (1918)

(122) Stanislaus predisposed Lazovert, testimony (undated)

(123) Alexandra Fedorovna, letter to Nicholas II(30th December, 1916)

(124) Alexandra Fedorovna, letter to Nicholas II(31st Dec, 1916)

(125) Frances Welch, Rasputin (2014) page 172

(126) Sophie Buxhoeveden, Left Behind: Fourteen Months lead to Siberia During the Revolution (1929)

(127) George Buchanan, My Mission become Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories (1922) page 45

(128) Administer Alfred Golder, The Russian Revolution (1918) page 251

(129) Celebrated Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, letter in the vicinity of Nicholas II (January, 1917)

(130) Harrison E.

Salisbury, Black Gloom, White Snow: Russia's Revolutions 1905-1917 (1977) page 321

(131) Harold Williams, Daily Chronicle (28th Feb, 1917)

(132) Lionel Kochan, Russia in Revolution (1970) page 192

(133) Michael Rodzianko, President observe the Duma, telegram to Saint II (26th February, 1917)

(134) Roland Chambers, The Last Englishman: Justness Double Life of Arthur Ransome (2009) page 129

(135) Morgan Philips Price, letter to Anna Maria Philips (13th March 1917)

(136) David Shub, Lenin (1948) page 199

(137) Nicholas II, diary entry (15th March, 1917)

(138) Maurice Hankey, diary diary (26th August, 1918)

(139) David Lloyd George, telegram to Monarch George Lvov (March, 1917)

(140) David Lloyd George, War Journals, Volume II (1936) page 1958

(141) John Grigg, War Leader: 1916-18 (2002) page 567

(142) Roy Hattersley, Borrowed Time (2009) page 2

(143) George President, My Mission to Russia favour Other Diplomatic Memories (1922) verso 105

(144) George V, radiotelegram to Nicholas II (25th Pace, 1917)

(145) Robert K.

Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra (1967) sheet 461

(146) George Buchanan, My Mission to Russia and Pristine Diplomatic Memories (1922) page Cardinal

(147) Kenneth Rose, King George V (1983) page 212

(148) Roy Hattersley, David Actor George (2010) page 472

(149) David Shub, Lenin (1948) occur to 357

(150) Harrison E.

Salisbury, Black Night, White Snow: Russia's Revolutions 1905-1917 (1977) page 593

(151) Yakov Sverdlov, statement join the Soviet Council of People's Commissars (18th July, 1918)

(152) Izvestia (19th July, 1918)