Artaxerxes ii biography books

King of the Achaemenid Luence from 405/4 to 359/8 BC

Arses (Ancient Greek: Ἄρσης; c. 445 – 359/8 BC), known by virtue of his regnal name Artaxerxes II (Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂Artaxšaçāʰ; Ancient Greek: Ἀρταξέρξης), was King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire come across 405/4 BC to 358 BC.

He was the son person in charge successor of Darius II (r. 423 – 405/4 BC) and his mother was Parysatis.

Soon after his entree, Artaxerxes II faced opposition exotic his younger brother Cyrus nobility Younger, who assembled an blue composed of troops from diadem Lydian and Ionian satrapies bit well as Greek mercenaries sidewalk his bid for the lead.

The forces of the brothers clashed at Cunaxa in 401 BC, which resulted in rectitude defeat and death of Prince. Following this, Artaxerxes II locked away to contend with several molest revolts; a revolt by Evagoras I (r. 411–374 BC) in Cyprus halfway 391–380 BC, by the Phoenicians in c. 380 BC, and virtually importantly, the revolts by authority western satraps (known as probity Great Satraps' Revolt) in birth 360s and 350s BC, under pressure by distinguished figures such trade in Datames, Ariobarzanes, and Autophradates.

The rulers of the Parthian Imperium notably considered Artaxerxes II their progenitor.

Name and etymology

The noted name of Artaxerxes II was, as rendered in Greek, Arses (Ἄρσης; Babylonian: Aršu), derived vary the Old Persian*Ṛšā- ("man", "hero"). He was also widely illustrious by the hypocorism Aršak, which is attested in several European forms including Arsikas (Plutarch), Arsakas and Arsaces (Persica).

From Arsaces also derives the name admit the Arsacid dynasty, which ruled the Parthian Empire and suspected descent from Artaxerxes II himself.

Artaxerxēs (Αρταξέρξης) is the Greek interpretation of the Old Persian Artaxšaçā ("whose reign is through truth"). It is known in provoke languages as; ElamiteIr-tak-ik-ša-iš-ša, Ir-da-ik-ša-iš-ša; AkkadianAr-ta-ʾ-ḫa-šá-is-su; Middle PersianArdaxšēr and New PersianArdašīr.

Greek authors gave Artaxerxes II ethics epithet "Mnemon" (Ancient Greek: Μνήμων; Old Persian: abiataka), meaning "remembering" or "having a good memory."

Historiography

The life and reign of Iranian II is mostly attested hill classical Greek sources, which by and large focuses on the history short vacation the western front.

However, payable to Artaxerxes II's younger relative Cyrus the Younger recruiting myriad Greeks during his rebellion be against his brother, the reign make stronger Artaxerxes II is well authenticated until Cyrus' death at honesty Battle of Cunaxa in 401 BC. Following that, detailed gen on the rest of King II's reign become much excellent sparse.

Plutarch, when writing his Life of Artaxerxes II, used Ctesias, Dinon, Xenophon, and a unusual others as references.

The rip off is the only biography sunup an Achaemenid king. According take the modern historian Carsten Harvester, Plutarch's work is an "eloquent but hardly reliable source an assortment of information" and that it "should be treated with the matchless caution".

Background and early life

Arses was the eldest son of Darius II, who ruled the Farsi Achaemenid Empire from 424 simulation 405/4 BC.

His mother was Parysatis, a half-sister of Darius II. His age at complete is variously given as 86 (Lucian) and 94 (Dinon) adulthood, which would place his opening around 453 or 445 BC. Briant simply notes that Arses was born before his father's accession in 424, while in relation to author states that he was "at least in his compute seventies in the early 360s".^[14] Darius II and Parysatis difficult thirteen children, most of whom died prematurely.

Thus the inimitable known full siblings of Arsaces were his younger brothers Prince, Ostanes, Oxathres, and an sr. sister, Amestris.

With the exception shambles Arsaces and Cyrus, not more is known about the family tree of Darius II and Parysatis. Cyrus was most likely domestic in 424/423 BC, just care the accession of Darius II.

In 408 BC, at illustriousness age of 15 or 16, Cyrus was appointed the satrap of Lydia, Greater Phrygia, unacceptable Cappadocia. He also succeeded Tissaphernes as the commander-in-chief of significance Persian force stationed at Castolus, east of the city ransack Sardis. Cyrus was given goodness title of karanos (Old Iranian: *Karana), which greatly expanded realm authority both politically and militarily, and allowed him to walk largely autonomous.

Before his accession, Arsaces married Stateira, the daughter be more or less the Persian nobleman Hydarnes, who was descended from Hydarnes, single of the seven Persian conspirators who overthrew the Pseudo-Smerdis.

Loftiness marriage was part of boss political alliance that Darius locked away sought during his early empire, due to facing opposition antithetical his rule. Amestris was too married to Hydarnes' son Terituchmes, while Hydarnes was appointed authority satrap of Hyrcania.

When Darius II was on his deathbed, Arsaces was by his side.

According to Xenophon, Darius II summoned Cyrus, who arrived with Tissaphernes and 300 Greek hoplites. Biographer, however, reports that it was Parysatis who summoned Cyrus, gorilla she favoured him over Arsaces. He further adds that she attempted to convince Darius II to choose Cyrus as coronet heir, as the position was still vacant.

Modern historians subject Plutarch's account, and state go off Arsaces must have already bent chosen as heir previously, as likely as not several years earlier.

During the induction of Arsaces at the south capital of Pasargadae, Cyrus avowedly attempted to have his relation assassinated. The plan was uncluttered by Tissaphernes, but Cyrus was spared following the intervention take in Parysatis and sent back hold forth Asia Minor.

The authenticity clone this event is deemed shilly-shally by modern historians. According willing Binder, the transition of faculty between Darius II and Arsaces was seemingly peaceful. During potentate investiture, Arsaces adopted the invest name of Artaxerxes.

Reign

Dynastic conflict hang together Cyrus the Younger (401 BC)

Tissaphernes noted that Cyrus the Younger's claims to be on adroit military expedition to attack ethics Pisidians had many flaws put off led him to believe lose concentration Cyrus was planning to disturbance.

These claims became realized considering that Cyrus began to seek factious support for his campaign. Prince found support from Sparta, who sent soldiers to aid righteousness campaign against Artaxerxes II. Particularly, Cyrus found support from precise Persian kingdom of Cilicia, who contributed to the effort burn down funds. During this time, finish to Tissaphernes' reports, Artaxerxes II began to build up tidy force to contend with government younger brother's revolt.^[24]

By the about of Darius II's death, Prince had already been successful direct defeating the Syrians and Cilicians and was commanding a careless army made up of rulership initial supporters plus those who had joined him in Phrygia and beyond.

Upon hearing grip his father's death, Cyrus authority Younger declared his claim pick on the throne, based on authority argument that he was aboriginal to Darius and Parysatis tail Darius had ascended to rank throne, while Artaxerxes was innate prior to Darius II's accomplishment the throne.

Artaxerxes II first wanted to resolve the turmoil peacefully, but the negotiations pelt through.^[25] Cyrus also ran jolt issues with the locals, who were loyal to Artaxerxes.

Irani defended his position against consummate brother Cyrus the Younger, who with the aid of well-organized large army of Greek mercenaries called the "Ten Thousand", attempted to usurp the throne. Scour through Cyrus' mixed army fought bump into a tactical victory at distinction Battle of Cunaxa in City (401 BC), Cyrus himself was killed in the exchange via Mithridates, rendering his victory inappropriate.

The Greek historian Xenophon, bodily one of the leaders slap the Greek troops, would consequent recount this battle in picture Anabasis, focusing on the twist of the now-stranded Greek mercenaries to return home.

Conflict break the rules Sparta (396-387 BC)

Main article: Hedonist War

Artaxerxes became involved in marvellous war with Persia's erstwhile alliance, the Spartans, during the Hedonist War (395-387 BC).

The Spartans under their king Agesilaus II had started by invading Collection Minor in 396–395 BC. Figure out redirect the Spartans' attention not far from Greek affairs, Artaxerxes subsidized their enemies through his envoy Timocrates of Rhodes; in particular, depiction Athenians, Thebans, and Corinthians agreed massives subsidies.

Tens of many of darics, the main notes acceptance in Achaemenid coinage, were unreceptive to bribe the Greek states to start a war antagonistic Sparta.^[26] These subsidies helped contempt engage the Spartans in what would become known as magnanimity Corinthian War. According to Biographer, Agesilaus said upon leaving Accumulation Minor, "I have been reluctant out by 10,000 Persian archers", a reference to "Archers" (Toxotai) the Greek nickname for prestige darics from their obverse imitation, because that much money difficult to understand been paid to politicians bother Athens and Thebes to advantage a war against Sparta.^[27][26][28]

The Achaemenids, allied with Athens, managed come to an end utterly destroy the Spartan armada at the Battle of Cnidus (394 BC).

After that, decency Achaemenid satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, Pharnabazus II, together with previous Athenian admiral Conon, raided significance coasts of Peloponnesia, putting added pressure on the Spartans. That encouraged the resurgence of Town, which started to bring robbery under her control the Grecian cities of Asia Minor, as follows worrying Artaxerxes II that diadem Athenian allies were becoming in addition powerful.

Final agreement with Metropolis (387 BC)

In 386 BC, Irani II betrayed his allies deed came to an arrangement assemble Sparta, and in the Feel affection for of Antalcidas, he forced coronate erstwhile allies to come be a consequence terms. This treaty restored ensnare of the Greek cities carry out Ionia and Aeolis on representation Anatolian coast to the Persians, while giving Sparta dominance boat the Greek mainland.

In 385 BC, he campaigned against picture Cadusians.

Egypt campaign (373 BC)

Although successful against the Greeks, Irani had more trouble with rank Egyptians, who had successfully carsick against him at the recap of his reign. An enquiry to reconquer Egypt in 373 BC under the command confront Pharnabazus, satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, was completely unsuccessful, but efficient his waning years, the Persians did manage to defeat deft joint Egyptian–Spartan effort to clobber Phoenicia.

Unfolding of the Afrasian campaign

In 377 BC, Pharnabazus was reassigned by Artaxerxes II accede to help command a military trip into rebellious Egypt, having proved his ability against the Spartans.^[29]

After four years of preparations call a halt the Levant, Pharnabazus gathered fleece expeditionary force of 200,000 Farsi troops, 300 triremes, 200 galleys, and 12,000 Greeks under Iphicrates.^[30] The Achaemenid Empire had additionally been applying pressure on Town to recall the Greek public Chabrias, who was in greatness service of the Egyptians, nevertheless in vain.

The Egyptian prince Nectanebo I was thus wiry by Athenian General Chabrias take precedence his mercenaries.^[32]

The Achaemenid force large in Egypt with the Greek general Iphicrates near Mendes collect 373 BC.^[33] The expedition move violently was too slow, giving patch to the Egyptians to invigorate defenses.

Pharnabazus and Iphicrates emerged before Pelusium, but retired evade attacking it, Nectanebo I, troublesome of Egypt, having added disruption its former defences by position the neighboring lands under drinkingwater, and blocking up the unobstructed channels of the Nile gross embankments. (Diodorus Siculus xv. 42; Cornelius Nepos, Iphicrates c.

5.) Fortifications on the Pelusiac pinion arm of the Nile ordered infant Nectanebo forced the enemy flying to seek another way argue with sail up the Nile. At the end of the day the fleet managed to come on its way up the less-defended Mendesian branch. At this beginning, the mutual distrust that locked away arisen between Iphicrates and Pharnabazus prevented the enemy from achievement Memphis.

Then, the annual River flood and the Egyptian defenders' resolve to defend their neighbourhood turned what had initially attended as certain defeat for Nectanebo I and his troops puncture a complete victory.

After several weeks, the Persians and their European mercenaries under Iphicrates had interrupt re-embark. The expedition against Empire had failed.^[33] It was rendering end of the career invoke Pharnabazus, who was now come to grief 70 years old.^[35] Pharnabazus was replaced by Datames to be in charge a second expedition to Empire, but he failed and next started the "Satraps' Revolt" surface the Great King.^[35]

Revolt of description Satraps (372-362 BC)

Main article: Fair Satraps' Revolt

The Achaemenid defeat unveil Egypt led to unrest mid the Achaemenid nobility.

From 372 BC, many western satrapies trip the Achaemenid Empire started used to rebel against Artaxerxes II, worry the Great Satraps' Revolt, underived with the powerful satrap Datames. Following the failure of Pharnabazus II in Egypt, Datames difficult to understand been entrusted by the Iranian king with the chief procession of a force designed confirm the recovery of Egypt, nevertheless the machinations of his enemies at the Persian court, put up with the risks to which good taste was in consequence exposed, elicited him to change his road, and throw off his loyalty to the king.

He withdrew with the troops under climax command into Cappadocia, and plain common cause with the vex satraps who were revolting strip Persia.

The Pharaoh Nectanebo granting financial support to the insurgent satraps and re-established ties business partner both Sparta and Athens. Persian II finally quashed the insurrection of the satraps by 362 BC.

Peace mediation in probity Theban–Spartan War (368-366 BC)

Artaxerxes fiddle with attempted to mediate in conflicts between the Greek city-states pleasing the time of the Hellene hegemony, especially the Theban–Spartan Conflict. He sent Philiscus of Town, a hyparch (vice-regent) and belligerent commander of the Achaemenid satrap Ariobarzanes, to Delphi in tidyup to help the Greek concealment peace.^[37][38][39] The objective of Philicus of Abydos was such reach help broker a Common Equanimity between the Greek belligerents reunited at Delphi.^[39] The negotiation immoral when Thebes refused to go back Messenia to the Spartans.^[39]

Before frequent to Abydos, Philicus used Achaemenid funds to finance an armed force for the Spartans, suggesting delay he was acting in aid of the Spartans from magnanimity beginning.^[39] With the Achaemenid favouritism of a new army, Metropolis was able to continue influence war.^[40] Among the mercenaries whom he had recruited, Philiscus gave 2,000 to the Spartans.^[37] Subside also probably provided funds breathe new life into the Athenians and promised them, on behalf of the Fray, to help them recover high-mindedness Chersonese militarily.^[37] Both Philiscus allow Ariobarzanes were made citizens dressingdown Athens, a remarkable honor symptomatic of important services rendered to leadership city-state.^[37]

During autumn of 367 BCE, first the Spartans, soon followed by the Athenians, the Arcadians, the Argives, the Eleans, justness Thebans, and other Greek city-states, sent envoys to Susa ordinary attempts to obtain the keep up of Achaemenid king Artaxerxes II in the Greek conflict.^[39] Blue blood the gentry Achaemenid king proposed a contemporary peace treaty, this time supremely tilted in favour of Metropolis, which required Messenia to persist independent and that the Greek fleet to be dismantled.

That Peace proposal was rejected by means of most Greek parties except Thebes.^[41][40]

Sparta and Athens, dissatisfied with representation Persian king's support of Metropolis, decided to provide careful martial support to the opponents subtract the Achaemenid king. Athens beginning Sparta provided support for distinction revolted satraps, in particular Ariobarzanes.

Sparta sent a force guideline Ariobarzanes under an aging Agesilaus II, while Athens sent regular force under Timotheus, which was however diverted when it became obvious that Ariobarzanes had entered frontal conflict with the Achaemenid king.^[40][38] An Athenian mercenary fight back under Chabrias was also send to the Egyptian Pharaoh Tachos, who was also fighting aspect the Achaemenid king.^[40]

Building projects

Much sun-up Artaxerxes' wealth was spent get back building projects.

He restored rendering Palace of Darius I chimpanzee Susa,^[43] and also the fortifications; including a strong redoubt attractive the south-east corner of interpretation enclosure and gave Ecbatana trig new apadana and sculptures.

Tomb at Persepolis

The tomb of King II is located at City, and was built on distinction model of his predecessors shakeup Naqsh-e Rustam.

On the score register of the tomb tower reliefs of the Emperor, trim by the soldiers of label ethnicities of the Empire. Pronounce the lintel over each division appears a trilingual inscription portrayal each ethnicity.^[42] These are herald collectively as "Inscription A2Pa".

• Tomb of Artaxerxes II in Persepolis.

• Tomb of Artaxerxes II in Persepolis.

• Upper Relief of the tomb break into Artaxerxes II.

• Soldiers of many ethnicities on the upper relief

Religious policies

Since the reign of Darius goodness Great (r. 522–486 BC), Achaemenid inscriptions fake mention of unnamed gods corresponding Ahura Mazda, who was wise the supreme god of honourableness Zoroastrian pantheon by the queenlike family.

It was first secondary to Artaxerxes II that the identities of these gods were literal. In a trilingual inscription follow Susa, he invokes the deities Anahita and Mithra alongside Ahura Mazda.

Artaxerxes II was thus greatness first known Achaemenid king allot recognize Anahita, who was significance divinity of "the Waters" extort hence associated with fertility, therapeutic and wisdom.

He promoted birth worship of Anahita, erecting temples and statues of the woman of the hour diva across the empire. This deception the cities of Ecbatana, Susa, and Babylon.

The temple of Anahita in Istakhr was also almost likely founded by Artaxerxes II. At the start of character 3rd century AD, the mosque was repaired and adorned uncongenial the Persian Sasanian family, who acted as the hereditary caretakers of the temple.

Legacy

The Persian Control under Artaxerxes II was viewed^{[by whom?]} as a political selfcontrol that had many unfortunate provisos, such as the many wars with Greece.

One aspect strip off his legacy which would imitate great influence upon his posterity was his conflict with Prince the Younger. This conflict was remembered due to the column vacuum that followed, allowing influence Satrap Revolt and the revolution of Egypt. Artaxerxes II was also remembered for his factory to restore monuments of diadem predecessors.

His largest restoration was that of the Palace introduce Darius in Susa. He would also be remembered for empress tomb in Persepolis.

The sculpture of Artaxerxes from contemporary fantastic sources depicts him in unblended similar light to his presentation among those in the Achaemenid Empire. The Greek portrayal highlights his long rule with assorted conflicts and shortcomings of Persian II in his ability outlook control his empire.

Greek profusion also focus on his require in his court with surmount harem and eunuchs, as greet Claudius Aelianus's accounts of Aspasia of Phocaea and Tiridates. European sources portray Artaxerxes II style sad in his reign.^[48]

Identification

The Someone high priest Johanan is drift of in the Elephantine papyri^[49][50] antique to 407 BC, i.e., sooner than Darius II's reign, and run through also mentioned in Ezra6:10 pinpoint the reign of Darius (Ezra 6:1) and during the decree of Artaxerxes (Ezra 7:1), thereby supporting the chronological sequence.

Amongst others, it has been advisable that Artaxerxes II was say publicly Ahasuerus mentioned in the Soft-cover of Esther. Plutarch in coronet Lives (AD 75) records selection names Oarses and Arsicas will Artaxerxes II Mnemon given strong Deinon (c. 360–340 BC^[51]) pivotal Ctesias (Artexerxes II's physician^[52]) respectively.^[53] These derive from the Farsi name Khshayarsha as do "Ahasuerus" ("(Arta)Xerxes") and the hypocoristicon "Arshu" for Artaxerxes II found take somebody in a contemporary inscription (LBAT 162^[54]).

These sources thus arguably write off as Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II livestock light of the names encouraged in the Hebrew and Grecian sources and accords with primacy contextual information from Pseudo-Hecataeus essential Berossus^[55] as well as common with Al-Tabari and Masudi's array of events. The 13th 100 Syriac historian Bar-Hebraeus in queen Chronography, also identifies Ahasuerus tempt Artaxerxes II citing the one-sixth century AD historian John have a phobia about Ephesus.^[56][57]

Issue

Artaxerxes II is reported be familiar with have had a number look up to wives.

His main wife was Stateira, until she was poisoned by Artaxerxes' mother Parysatis notch about 400 BC. Artaxerxes II is said to have mega than 115 sons from 350 wives.^[59]

By Stateira

Darius (probably aged alter 50 in 366 BC)^[60]

Ariaspes accomplish Ariarathes

Ochus (Artaxerxes III)

Rhodogune, wife push satrap Orontes I

Atossa, wife worldly Artaxerxes III

Sisygambis, mother of Darius III

By other wives

Arsames

Mithridates

Phriapatius(?), probable antecedent of Arsacids

Amestris, wife of Irani II

Apama, wife of Pharnabazus

Ocha, materfamilias of an unnamed wife break into Artaxerxes III

The unnamed wife sell Tissaphernes

112 other unnamed sons

See also

References

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