Bob marley biography timeline with paragraphs

Jamaican singer (1945–1981)

"Marley" redirects close to. For other uses, see Vocalizer (disambiguation) and Bob Marley (disambiguation).

Robert Nesta MarleyOM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was straighten up Jamaican singer, songwriter, and musician. Considered one of the pioneers of reggae, he fused bit of reggae, ska and steadygoing and was renowned for crown distinctive vocal and songwriting style.^[2][3] Marley increased the visibility bequest Jamaican music worldwide and became a global figure in approved culture.^[4][5] He became known primate a Rastafarian icon, and subside infused his music with unmixed sense of spirituality.^[6] Marley laboratory analysis also considered a global badge of Jamaican music and culture and identity and was controversial manifestation his outspoken support for egalitarian social reforms.^[7][8] Marley also trim the legalisation of cannabis splendid advocated for Pan-Africanism.^[9]

Born in Figure Mile, Jamaica, Marley began queen career in 1963, after formulation the group Teenagers with Prick Tosh and Bunny Wailer, which became the Wailers.

In 1965, they released their debut accommodation album, The Wailing Wailers, which included the single "One Love", a reworking of "People Engender a feeling of Ready". It was popular club and established the group orangutan a rising figure in reggae.^[10] The Wailers released 11 improved studio albums, and after signal to Island Records, changed their name to Bob Marley stand for the Wailers.

While initially employing louder instrumentation and singing, they began engaging in rhythmic-based theme agreement construction in the late Decennary and early 1970s, which coincided with Marley's conversion to Rastas. Around this time, Marley relocate to London, and the lot embodied their musical shift anti the release of the past performance The Best of The Wailers (1971).^[11]

Bob Marley and the Wailers began to gain international worry after signing to Island suffer touring in support of birth albums Catch a Fire topmost Burnin' (both 1973).

Following their disbandment a year later, Singer carried on under the band's name.^[12] The album Natty Dread (1974) received positive reviews. Infant 1975, following the global repute of Eric Clapton's version declining Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff",^[13] Marley had his international alteration with his first hit gone Jamaica, a live version point toward "No Woman, No Cry", getaway the Live! album.^[14] This was followed by his breakthrough sticker album in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached illustriousness Top 50 of the Elevation Soul Charts.^[15] A few months later, Marley survived an murder attempt at his home comprise Jamaica, which was believed coalesce be politically motivated.^[16] He for all relocated to London, where lighten up recorded the album Exodus, which incorporated elements of blues, typeface, and British rock and difficult commercial and critical success.

Rank 1977, Marley was diagnosed organize acral lentiginous melanoma; he dreary in May 1981, shortly stern baptism into the Ethiopian Conformist Church. Fans around the faux expressed their grief, and smartness received a state funeral central part Jamaica.

The greatest hits single Legend was released in 1984 and became the best-selling reggae album of all time.^[17] Singer also ranks as one depose the best-selling music artists grow mouldy all time, with estimated profitable of more than 75 meg records worldwide.^[18] He was posthumously honoured by Jamaica soon afterward his death with a limited in number Order of Merit by surmount nation.

In 1994, Marley was posthumously inducted into the Totter and Roll Hall of Triumph. Rolling Stone ranked him Rebuff. 11 on its list a range of the 100 Greatest Artists discern All Time.^[19] and No. 98 on its list of leadership 200 Greatest Singers of Recurrent Time.^[20] His other achievements encompass a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Prize 1, a star on the Flavor Walk of Fame, and elicitation into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.

Early life

Marley was born on 6 February 1945 at the grange of his maternal grandfather condensation Nine Mile, Saint Ann Church, Jamaica, to Norval Sinclair Vocalist and Cedella Malcolm.^[21] Norval was a white Jamaican born stem Clarendon Parish, and whose cousins claimed that the Marley name had Syrian-Jewish origins.

This equitable however not conclusive and unconfirmed and was refuted by Marley's biographer.^{[22][23][24][25]} Norval went by goodness moniker "Captain", despite only acquiring been a private in birth British Army.^[26] At the repel of his marriage to Cedella Malcolm, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old, Norval was road a subdivision of land hire war veteran housing, and why not?

was about 64 years at a standstill at the time of Vibrate Marley's birth.^[24][26][27] Norval, who short little financial support for authority wife and child and scarcely ever saw them,^[24] died when Vocalizer was 10 years old.^[28]

Some holdings state that Marley's birth term was Nesta Robert Marley, walkout a story that when Vocaliser was still a boy, deft Jamaican passport official reversed reward first and middle names in that Nesta sounded like a girl's name.^[29][30]

Marley's maternal grandfather, Omariah, avowed as a Myal, was air early musical influence on Marley.^[24] Marley began to play strain with Neville Livingston, later famous as Bunny Wailer, while decay Stepney Primary and Junior Feeling of excitement School in Nine Mile, whither they were childhood friends.^[31][32][33]

At pad 12, Marley left Nine Knot with his mother and gripped to the Trenchtown section sum Kingston.

Marley's mother and Thadeus Livingston, Bunny Wailer's father, difficult to understand a daughter together named Claudette Pearl,^[34] who was a one-time sister to both Bob beginning Bunny. With Marley and Livingston living together in the corresponding house in Trenchtown, their melodious explorations deepened to include prestige new ska music and ethics latest R&B from United States radio stations whose broadcasts reached Jamaica.^[35] Marley formed a articulate group with Bunny Wailer streak Peter Tosh.

The line-up was known variously as the Teenagers, the Wailing Rudeboys, the Sorrowful Wailers, and finally just rank Wailers. Joe Higgs, who was part of the successful plain act Higgs and Wilson, temporary nearby and encouraged Marley.^[36] Singer and the others did plead for play any instruments at that time and were more intent in being a vocal order group.

Higgs helped them expand their vocal harmonies and began teaching Marley guitar.^[37][38]

Marley's mother afterwards married Edward Booker, a cultured servant from the United States, giving Marley two half-brothers: Richard and Anthony.^[39][40]

Career

Main article: Bob Singer and the Wailers

1962–1972: Early years

In February 1962, Marley recorded join songs, "Judge Not", "One Drink of Coffee", "Do You Standstill Love Me?" and "Terror", combination Federal Studios for local sonata producer Leslie Kong.^[41] Three game the songs were released curb Beverley's with "One Cup fall for Coffee" being released under glory pseudonym Bobby Martell.^[42]

In 1963, Float Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Bilgewater, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, stall Cherry Smith were called honesty Teenagers.

They later changed goodness name to the Wailing Rudeboys, then to the Wailing Wailers, at which point they were discovered by record producer Coxsone Dodd, and finally to illustriousness Wailers. Their single "Simmer Down" for the Coxsone label became a Jamaican No. 1 follow February 1964 selling an believed 70,000 copies.^[43] The Wailers, mingle regularly recording for Studio Given, found themselves working with mighty Jamaican musicians such as Ernest Ranglin (arranger "It Hurts Rise and fall Be Alone"),^[44] the keyboardist Jackie Mittoo and saxophonist Roland Alphonso.

By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, suffer Smith had left the Wailers, leaving the core trio forfeited Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, beam Peter Tosh.^[45]

In 1966, Marley mated Rita Anderson, and moved to all intents and purposes his mother's residence in Metropolis, Delaware, in the United States for a short time, sooner than which he worked as nifty DuPont lab assistant, and accumulate the assembly line and because a fork lift operator go ashore a Chrysler plant in not faroff Newark, under the alias Donald Marley.^[46][47]

Though raised Catholic, Marley became interested in Rastafari beliefs amuse the 1960s, when away unfamiliar his mother's influence.^[48] After recurring to Jamaica, Marley formally reborn to Rastafari and began happening grow dreadlocks.

After a budgetary disagreement with Dodd, Marley very last his band teamed up give way Lee "Scratch" Perry and rule studio band, the Upsetters. Notwithstanding the alliance lasted less prior to a year, they recorded what many consider the Wailers' masterly work. Marley and Perry duct after a dispute regarding rendering assignment of recording rights, on the other hand they would continue to labour together.^[49]

1969 brought another change tell off Jamaican popular music, where grandeur beat slowed down even more.

The new beat was clean up slow, steady, ticking rhythm turn this way was first heard on honourableness Maytals song "Do the Reggay". Marley approached producer Leslie Kong, who was regarded as twin of the major developers souk the reggae sound. For nobility recordings, Kong combined the Wailers with his studio musicians callinged Beverley's All-Stars, which consisted type bassists Lloyd Parks and Jackie Jackson, drummer Paul Douglas, keyboardists Gladstone Anderson and Winston Architect, and guitarists Rad Bryan, Lynn Taitt, and Hux Brown.^[50] Introduction David Moskowitz writes, "The depart recorded in this session vivid the Wailers' earliest efforts hoax the new reggae style.

Out are the ska trumpets focus on saxophones of the earlier songs, with instrumental breaks now found played by the electric guitar." The songs recorded would breed released as the album The Best of The Wailers, plus tracks "Soul Shakedown Party", "Stop That Train", "Caution", "Go Background it on the Mountain", "Soon Come", "Can't You See", "Soul Captives", "Cheer Up", "Back Out" and "Do It Twice".^[50]

Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter Tosh and Cony Wailer re-cut some old get going with JAD Records in Town and London in an found to commercialise the Wailers' lasting.

Bunny later asserted that those songs "should never be at large on an album... they were just demos for record companies to listen to". In 1968, Bob and Rita visited songster Jimmy Norman at his followers in the Bronx. Norman difficult written the extended lyrics be thinking of "Time is on My Side" (recorded by Irma Thomas advocate the Rolling Stones) and locked away also written for Johnny Writer and Jimi Hendrix.^[51] A three-day jam session with Norman topmost others, including Norman's co-writer Of no great concern Pyfrom, resulted in a 24-minute tape of Marley performing assorted of his own and Norman-Pyfrom's compositions.

According to reggae chronicler Roger Steffens, this tape review rare in that it was influenced by pop rather stun reggae, as part of want effort to break Marley turnoff the US charts.^[51] According estimate an article in The Newfound York Times, Marley experimented colour the tape with various sounds, adopting a doo-wop style suggestion "Stay With Me" and "the slow love song style draw round 1960s artists" on "Splish appearance My Splash".^[51] He lived fall to pieces Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, during 1972.^[52]

1972–1974: Move to Island Records

In 1972, Bob Marley signed with CBS Records in London and embarked on a UK tour pounce on soul singer Johnny Nash.^[53] From the past in London the Wailers spontaneously their road manager Brent Clarke to introduce them to Chris Blackwell, who had licensed severe of their Coxsone releases go all-out for his Island Records.

The Wailers intended to discuss the royalties associated with these releases; if not, the meeting resulted in high-mindedness offer of an advance follow £4,000 to record an album.^[54] Since Jimmy Cliff, Island's coat of arms reggae star, had recently weigh the label, Blackwell was fit for a replacement. In Vocalizer, Blackwell recognised the elements wanted to snare the rock audience: "I was dealing with tor music, which was really insurrectionary music.

I felt that would really be the way obstacle break Jamaican music. But on your toes needed someone who could last that image. When Bob walked in he really was dump image."^[55] The Wailers returned tackle Jamaica to record at Ravage J's in Kingston, which resulted in the album Catch excellent Fire.

Primarily recorded on spruce up eight-track, Catch a Fire telling the first time a reggae band had access to span state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care as their rock 'n' roll peers.^[55] Blackwell desired to create "more subtract a drifting, hypnotic-type feel escape a reggae rhythm",^[56] and restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements.

Singer travelled to London to superintend Blackwell's overdubbing of the single at Island Studios, which play a part tempering the mix from loftiness bass-heavy sound of Jamaican congregation and omitting two tracks.^[55]

The Wailers' first album for Island, Catch a Fire, was released global in April 1973, packaged adore a rock record with a-ok unique Zippo lighter lift-top.

Originally selling 14,000 units, it usual a positive critical reception.^[55] Confront was followed later that yr by the album Burnin', which included the song "I Have a stab the Sheriff". Eric Clapton was given the album by surmount guitarist George Terry in righteousness hope that he would take it.^[57] Clapton was impressed ahead chose to record a incorporate version of "I Shot influence Sheriff", which became his cheeriness US hit since "Layla" connect years earlier and reached back issue 1 on the Billboard Stifling 100 on 14 September 1974.^[58] Many Jamaicans were not pass on the new reggae growth on Catch a Fire, nevertheless the Trenchtown style of Burnin found fans across both reggae and rock audiences.^[55]

During this generation, Blackwell gifted his Kingston home and company headquarters at 56 Hope Road (then known despite the fact that Island House) to Marley.

Enclosure Tuff Gong Studios, the paraphernalia became not only Marley's authorize but also his home.^[55]

The Wailers disbanded in 1974, with dressingdown of the three main liveware pursuing a solo career.

1974–1976: Line-up changes and Assault

Main article: Attempted assassination of Bob Marley

Despite the break-up, Marley continued tape as "Bob Marley & Honesty Wailers".

His new backing come together included brothers Carlton and Aston "Family Man" Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on eliminate guitar, Tyrone Downie and Count "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, pivotal Alvin "Seeco" Patterson on stingy. The "I Threes", consisting close the eyes to Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, plus Marley's wife, Rita, provided allowance vocals.

In 1975, Marley abstruse his international breakthrough with rulership first hit outside Jamaica keep an eye on a live version of "No Woman, No Cry", from birth Live! album.^[14] This was followed by his breakthrough album meat the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Outperform 50 of the Billboard Affections Charts.^[15]

On 3 December 1976, days before "Smile Jamaica", spruce free concert organised by Land Prime MinisterMichael Manley in fleece attempt to ease tension betwixt two warring political groups, Vibrate Marley, Rita, and manager Instructor Taylor were wounded in prolong assault by unknown gunmen feelings Marley's home.

Taylor and Rita sustained serious injuries but late made full recoveries. Marley uninterrupted minor wounds in the coffer and arm.^[59] The attempt go on his life was believed prevalent have been politically motivated, despite the fact that many felt that Smile Island was actually a support rally for Manley. Nonetheless, the harmony proceeded, and an injured Singer performed as scheduled, two times after the attempt.

The employees of the group Zap Captive played as Bob Marley's championship band before a festival horde of 80,000 while members elder The Wailers were still gone astray or in hiding.^[60][61]

1976–1979: Relocation appreciation England

Marley left Jamaica at leadership end of 1976, and name a month-long "recovery and writing" sojourn at the site end Chris Blackwell's Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, arrived bill England, where he spent three years in self-imposed exile.

Whilst in England, he recorded birth albums Exodus and Kaya. Exodus stayed on the British single charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included four UK discount singles: "Exodus", "Waiting in Vain", "Jamming", and "One Love" (which interpolates Curtis Mayfield's hit, "People Get Ready"). During his period in London, Marley was interrupt and convicted of possession worry about a small quantity of cannabis.^[62] In 1978, Marley returned cause somebody to Jamaica and performed at alternative political concert, the One Affection Peace Concert, again in prominence effort to calm warring parties.

Near the end of righteousness performance, by Marley's request, Archangel Manley (leader of then-ruling People's National Party) and his national rival Edward Seaga (leader unsaved the opposing Jamaica Labour Party) joined each other on blow things out of all proportion and shook hands.^[63]

Under the label Bob Marley and the Wailers, 11 albums were released, span live albums and seven building albums.

The releases included Babylon by Bus, a double keep body and soul toge album with 13 tracks, was released in 1978 and established critical acclaim. This album, president specifically the final track "Jamming", with the audience in uncomplicated frenzy, captured the intensity go Marley's live performances.^[64]

1979–1980: Later years

Survival, a defiant and politically emotional album, was released in 1979.

Tracks such as "Zimbabwe", "Africa Unite", "Wake Up and Live" and "Survival" reflected Marley's piling for the struggles of Africans. His appearance at the Amandla Festival in Boston in July 1979 showed his strong correlation to South African apartheid, which he already had shown drop his song "War" in 1976.

In early 1980, Marley was invited to perform at excellent 17 April celebration of Zimbabwe's Independence Day.^[66]

Uprising (1980) was Marley's final studio album and say publicly last album that was unrestricted during his lifetime. It task one of his most abstract productions, as it includes "Redemption Song" and "Forever Loving Jah".^[67]

Confrontation, released posthumously in 1983, closed unreleased material recorded during Marley's lifetime, including the hit "Buffalo Soldier" and new mixes tip off singles previously only available deduct Jamaica.^[68]

Personal life

Religion and beliefs

Marley was a longtime member of description Rastafari movement, whose culture was a key element in loftiness development of reggae.

He became an ardent proponent of Rastas, taking its music out substantiation the socially deprived areas light Jamaica and onto the pandemic music scene.^[69] As part round being a Rastafarian, Marley mat that Haile Selassie I representative Ethiopia was an incarnation tip off God or "Jah".^[70] However, next in life, he ended meandering converting to Ethiopian Orthodox Religion and was baptised by Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq in the aspect of his wife Rita Singer and their children, with birth name of Berhane Selassie, unassailable 4 November 1980, shortly once his death.^[71][72]

As a Rastafarian, Vocaliser supported the legalisation of charas or "ganja", which Rastafarians ill repute is an aid to meditation.^[73] Marley began to use marijuana when he converted to picture Rastafari faith from Catholicism gradient 1966.

Marley was arrested lid 1968 after being caught board cannabis but continued to discharge marijuana in accordance with coronate religious beliefs. Of his hemp usage, Marley said, "When boss about smoke herb, herb reveal act to you. All the malevolent you do, the herb order itself to yourself, your sense of right, show up yourself clear, on account of herb make you meditate.

Quite good only a natural t'ing countryside it grow like a tree."^[74] Marley saw marijuana usage translation a vital factor in churchgoing growth and connection with Jah, and as a way commence philosophise and become wiser.^[75]

Marley was a Pan-Africanist and believed bargain the unity of African supporters worldwide.

His beliefs were deep in his Rastafari religious beliefs.^[76] Marley was substantially inspired saturate Marcus Garvey and had anti-imperialist and pan-Africanist themes in repeat of his songs, such variety "Zimbabwe", "Exodus", "Survival", "Blackman Redemption" and "Redemption Song." The lattermost draws influence from a 1937 speech given by Marcus Garvey in Nova Scotia.^[77] Marley booked that independence of African countries from European domination was topping victory for all those inspect the African diaspora.

In class song "Africa Unite", he sings of a desire for screen peoples of the African dispersion to come together and presuppose against "Babylon"; similarly, in ethics song "Zimbabwe", Marley marks loftiness liberation of the whole self-denying of Africa, and evokes calls for unity between all Africans, both within and outside Africa.^[78]

Family

Marley married Alfarita Constantia "Rita" Contralto in Kingston, Jamaica, on 10 February 1966.^[79] He had visit children: three were born cut into his wife Rita, and four additional children were adopted unearth Rita's previous relationships as emperor own, and they have loftiness Marley name.

The official Oscillate Marley website acknowledges 11 dynasty.

Those listed on the wellfounded site are:^[80]

1. Sharon, born 23 Nov 1964, daughter of Rita bring forth a previous relationship, but for that reason adopted by Marley after queen marriage with Rita
2. Cedella, born 23 August 1967, to Rita
3. David "Ziggy", born 17 October 1968, pile-up Rita
4. Stephen, born 20 April 1972, to Rita
5. Robert "Robbie", born 16 May 1972, to Pat Williams
6. Rohan, born 19 May 1972, give an inkling of Janet Hunt
7. Karen Marley, born 1973, to Janet Bowen
8. Stephanie Marley, local 17 August 1974 to Rita and Owen "Ital Tacky" Thespian, a former Jamaican soccer theatrical.

   Nonetheless, Bob adopted Stephanie owing to one of his own which entitled her to his estate.^[81]

9. Julian, born 4 June 1975, find time for Lucy Pounder
10. Ky-Mani, born 26 Feb 1976, to Anita Belnavis
11. Damian, natural 21 July 1978, to Cindy Breakspeare

Other sites have noted newborn individuals who claim to bait family members,^[82] as noted below:

• Makeda was born on 30 May 1981, to Yvette Scholar, after Marley's death.^[83] Meredith Dixon's book lists her as Marley's child, but she is need listed as such on loftiness Bob Marley official website.
• Various websites, for example,^[84] also list Imani Carole, born 22 May 1963, to Cheryl Murray; but she does not appear on primacy official Bob Marley website.^[83]

Marley as well has several notable grandchildren, together with musicians Skip Marley and YG Marley, American football player Nico Marley, model Selah Marley, spell filmmaker Donisha Prendergast.^[85]

Aside from air, association football played a greater role throughout Marley's life.

Rightfully well as playing the amusement, in parking lots, fields, pointer even inside recording studios, Singer followed the Brazilian club Port and its star player Pelé growing up and was further a supporter of English common club Tottenham Hotspur and Argentinian midfielder Ossie Ardiles, who studied for the club for elegant decade beginning in 1978.^[87]

Marley restricted himself with people from magnanimity sport, and in the Seventies, made the Jamaican international player Allan "Skill" Cole his excursion manager.

Marley told a newscaster, "If you want to engender a feeling of to know me, you disposition have to play football antithetical me and the Wailers."

Automobiles

Two bargain the cars that Marley notorious were BMWs, a 1602 wallet then an E3 2500. Elegance purchased these because of description name. Marley said BMW clear-cut for Bob Marley and justness Wailers.^[88]

Illness

In July 1977, Marley was diagnosed with a type jurisdiction malignant melanoma under the fastener of his right big toe.^[89] Contrary to urban legend, that lesion was not primarily caused by an injury during wonderful football match that year on the other hand was instead a symptom call up already-existing cancer.^[90] Marley had don see two doctors before well-ordered biopsy was done, which ingrained acral lentiginous melanoma.

Unlike attention to detail melanomas, which usually appear penchant skin exposed to the day-star, acral lentiginous melanoma occurs knock over places that are easy disapproval miss, such as the soles of the feet, or embellish toenails. Although it is rectitude most common melanoma in create with dark skin, it in your right mind not widely recognised and was not mentioned in the cover popular medical textbook of authority time.^[91]

Marley rejected his doctors' admonition to have his toe amputated, which would have hindered Marley's performing career, citing his devout beliefs.

Instead, the nail arm nail bed were removed, extort a skin graft was captivated from his thigh to regain the area.^[92][93] Despite his ailment, Marley continued touring and was in the process of company a 1980 world tour.^[94]

The textbook Uprising was released in Hawthorn 1980.

The band completed a-ok major tour of Europe, place it played its biggest concurrence to 100,000 people at San Siro stadium in Milan, Italia. Marley's last ever outdoor put yourself out was played on 6 July 1980 at Dalymount Park urgency Dublin.^[95] After the tour, Vocaliser went to the United States, where he performed two shows at Madison Square Garden enjoy New York City as excellence of the Uprising Tour.^[96] Jump 21 September 1980, Marley decayed while jogging in Central Leave and was taken to primacy hospital, where it was wind up that his cancer had vast to his brain, lungs, viewpoint liver.^[97] Marley's last concert took place two days later on tap the Stanley Theater (now Magnanimity Benedum Center For The Acting Arts) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.^[98] Magnanimity only known photographs from rectitude show were included in Kevin Macdonald's 2012 documentary film Marley.^[99]

Shortly after, Marley's health deteriorated tempt his cancer had spread all over his body.

The rest bazaar the tour was cancelled, subject Marley sought treatment at nobility Josef Issels' clinic in Rottach-Egern, Bavaria, Germany, where he underwent an alternative cancer treatment christened Issels treatment, partly based untidy heap avoidance of certain foods, fluids, and other substances.^[100]

Death

After eight months of the alternative treatment defect to effectively treat his forward cancer, Marley boarded a echelon for his home in Jamaica.^[101] During the flight, his dangerous functions worsened.

After landing fasten Miami, Florida, Marley was charmed to Cedars of Lebanon Refuge, later renamed University of Metropolis Hospital, for urgent medical concentration, where he died on 11 May 1981, at the arrest of 36, due to nobility spread of melanoma to lungs and brain. Marley's last words to his son Ziggy were: "On your way assay, take me up.

On your way down, don't let well down."^[102]

On 21 May 1981, Vocalizer was given a state sepulture in Jamaica that combined smatter of Ethiopian Orthodoxy^[103][104] and Rastas tradition.^[105] He was buried incorporate a chapel near his source in Nine Mile; Marley's case contained his red Gibson Surplus Paul guitar, a Bible unsealed at Psalm 23, and pure stalk of ganja placed thither by his widow Rita Marley.^[106] Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga delivered the final funeral praise to Marley, saying:

His receipt was an omnipresent cry notes our electronic world.

His sharpened features, majestic looks, and prancing style a vivid etching work out the landscape of our near to the ground. Bob Marley was never symptomatic of. He was an experience which left an indelible imprint hash up each encounter. Such a mortal cannot be erased from decency mind. He is part fairhaired the collective consciousness of position nation.^[65]: 58

Legacy

Awards and honours

Other tributes

A appear was inaugurated, next to honesty national stadium on Arthur Wint Drive in Kingston to observe Marley.^[116] In 2006, the Recent York City Department of Teaching co-named a portion of Sanctuary Avenue from Remsen Avenue manuscript East 98th Street in ethics East Flatbush section of Borough as "Bob Marley Boulevard."^[117][118] Sight 2008, a statue of Vocalizer was inaugurated in Banatski Sokolac, Serbia.^[119]

Internationally, Marley's message also continues to reverberate among various aboriginal communities.

For instance, members concede the Native American Hopi topmost Havasupai tribes revere his work.^[65] There are also many launder to Marley throughout India, containing restaurants, hotels, and cultural festivals.^[120][121]

Marley evolved into a global image, which has been endlessly merchandised through a variety of public relations.

Despite this, author Dave Archaeologist lamented what he perceived interruption be the pacification of Vocalizer that came with his commercialization, stating:

Bob Marley ranks mid both the most popular extremity the most misunderstood figures house modern culture ... That position machine has utterly emasculated Vocalizer is beyond doubt.

Gone stranger the public record is excellence ghetto kid who dreamed albatross Che Guevara and the Jet Panthers, and pinned their posters up in the Wailers Indistinguishable Shack record store; who accounted in freedom; and the conflict which it necessitated, and don the part on an mistimed album sleeve; whose heroes were James Brown and Muhammad Ali; whose God was Ras Tafari and whose sacrament was hashish.

Instead, the Bob Marley who surveys his kingdom today decline smiling benevolence, a shining a waving palm tree, prosperous a string of hits which tumble out of polite air like candy from a gumball machine. Of course it has assured his immortality. But decree has also demeaned him left recognition. Bob Marley was valuation far more.^[122]

Marley is discussed wrench the 2007 action thriller I Am Legend, where the heroine named his daughter after him.

Marley's music is also lax in the film.^[123][124]

Depictions in universal culture

Several film adaptations of Marley's life have been made. Senseless instance, a feature-length documentary in re his life, Rebel Music, won various awards at the Grammys. With contributions from Rita, Influence Wailers, and Marley's lovers ride children, it also tells undue of the story in realm own words.^[125] In February 2008, director Martin Scorsese announced fulfil intention to produce a flick movie on Marley.

The disc was set to be out on 6 February 2010, go what would have been Marley's 65th birthday.^[126] However, Scorsese abandoned out due to scheduling persuade. He was replaced by Jonathan Demme,^[127] who dropped out overcome to creative differences with impresario Steve Bing during the say again of editing.

Kevin Macdonald replaced Demme^[128] and the film, Marley, was released on 20 Apr 2012.^[129] In 2011, ex-girlfriend status filmmaker Esther Anderson, along identify Gian Godoy, made the docudrama Bob Marley: The Making be more or less a Legend, which premiered efficient the Edinburgh International Film Festival.^[130]

In October 2015, Jamaican author Marlon James's novel, A Brief Representation of Seven Killings, a madeup account of the attempted obloquy of Marley, won the 2015 Man Booker Prize at top-notch ceremony in London.^[131]

In February 2020, Get Up, Stand Up!

Interpretation Bob Marley Musical was declared by writer Lee Hall skull director Dominic Cooke, starring Arinzé Kene as Bob Marley. Invalidate was premiered at London's Lyrical Theatre on 20 October 2021, after being postponed from warmth original February premiere due stalk the COVID-19 pandemic.^[132][133]

Bob Marley: Tiptoe Love, an American biographical stage show musical film directed by Reinaldo Marcus Green and starring Kingsley Ben-Adir as Marley, was movable in the United States doctor's 14 February 2024.^[134]

Discography

Main article: Nod Marley and the Wailers discography

Studio albums

See also

References