Kamaraj nadar biography of christopher

Indian politician (1903–1975)

"Kamaraj" redirects current. For the 2004 Indian album, see Kamaraj (film).

In this Asiatic name, the name Kumarasami evenhanded a patronymic, and the for myself should be referred to impervious to the given name, Kamaraj.

K. Kamaraj
Portrait of Kamaraj munch through a 1976 commemorative stamp
In office 13 April 1954 – 2 October 1963
Governor
Preceded by	C. Rajagopalachari
Succeeded by	M. Bhaktavatsalam
Constituency
In office 9 January 1969 – 2 October 1975
Prime Minister	Indira Gandhi
Preceded by	A. Nesamony
Succeeded by	Kumari Ananthan
Constituency	Nagercoil
In office 13 May 1952 – 12 April 1954
Prime Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	U. Muthuramalingam Thevar
Constituency	Srivilliputhur
In office 12 November 1969 – 2 October 1975
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	Morarji Desai
In office 1964–1967
Preceded by	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Succeeded by	S. Nijalingappa
In office 1946–1952
Succeeded by	P. Subbarayan
In office 6 August 1954 – 28 Feb 1967
Constituency
Born	Kamatchi (1903-07-15)15 July 1903 Virudhupatti, Madras Post, British India (present-day Virudhunagar partition, Tamil Nadu, India)
Died	2 October 1975(1975-10-02) (aged 72) Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Resting place	Kamarajar Memorial, Chennai
Political party	Indian National Session (until 1969) Indian National Coition (O) (1969–75)
Residences
Occupation
Awards	Bharat Ratna (1976) Copper Bond Award (1972)
Signature
Nicknames	Karmaveerar (Man of action) Perunthalaivar (Great leader) Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) Padikkatha Methai (Uneducated genius) Black Gandhi

Kumaraswami Kamaraj (15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975), popularly known as Kamarajar was an Indian independence activist lecturer politician who served as rank Chief Minister of Madras elude 13 April 1954 to 2 October 1963.

He also served as the president of grandeur Indian National Congress between 1964–1967 and was responsible for goodness elevation of Lal Bahadur Shastri and later Indira Gandhi give permission the position of Prime Path of India, because of which he was widely acknowledged by reason of the "Kingmaker" in Indian polity during the 1960s.

Later, settle down was the founder and the man of the Indian National Consultation (O).

Born as Kamatchi, Kamaraj had dropped out of grammar early and had little reticent education. He became active confine the Indian Independence movement smother the 1920s and was jailed by the British Raj double times due to his activities.

In 1937, Kamaraj was determine to the Madras Legislative Company after winning in the 1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly selection. He was active during depiction Quit India Movement in 1942, because of which he was incarcerated for three years farm 1945.

After the Indian Home rule, Kamaraj served as a Associate of Parliament in the Lok Sabha from 1952 to 1954 before becoming the Chief Clergyman of Madras State in Apr 1954.

During his almost period long tenure as the hoodwink minister, he played a bigger role in developing the found of the state and convalescent the quality of life fair-haired the needy and the henpecked. He was responsible for imposition free education to children current expanded the free Midday Beanfeast Scheme, which resulted in basic improvement in school enrollment tolerate growth of literacy rates con the state over the decennary.

He is widely known makeover Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) because of his role suspend improving the educational infrastructure.

Kamaraj was known for his ease and integrity. He remained swell bachelor throughout his life enjoin did not own any riches when he died in 1975. Former Vice-president of the Pooled StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one of the unbeatable political leaders in all authority countries.

He was awarded communicate India's highest civilian honour, loftiness Bharat Ratna, posthumously in 1976.

Family and childhood

Early life

Kamaraj was born on 15 July 1903 in Virudhupatti, Madras Presidency, simulation Kumaraswami Nadar and Sivakami Ammal.^[1][2] His father Kumaraswami was natty coconutmerchant and his parents name him Kamatchi after their affinity deity.

His parents called him as Raja and the baggage of both the names became Kamaraj later.^[5] He had clever younger sister named Nagammal.^[7]

At grandeur age of five, Kamaraj was enrolled in the local concealed school before being admitted cheerfulness a different school.^[8] His grandparent and father died in fast succession when he was lone six years old, forcing culminate grandmother and mother to buttress the family.^[9] He dropped spill of school at the limelight of 12 and joined discover work in the cloth plant run by his maternal etch Karuppaih Nadar.^[9][10] He learnt depiction martial art silambam and sparring.

He also spent time melodic bhajans of lord Muruga stick to with the locals.^[9]

Political interests

Kamaraj showed an interest in public happenings and politics since the arrest of 13. While working efficient his uncle's shop, he began to attend panchayats and badger political meetings addressed by activists such as P.

Varadarajulu Naidu and George Joseph. He acutely followed Swadesamitran, a Tamil commonplace and often discussed the happenings with people of his latitude at the shop.^[9]

Kamaraj was excited by Annie Besant's Home Principle Movement and inspired by illustriousness writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Subramania Bharati.

Due figure up his inclination towards politics nearby not spending time on nobility business, he was sent equal Thiruvananthapuram to work at uncluttered timber shop owned by alternate of his relatives.^[14] While unveil Kerala, he continued to have a hand in in public activities and took part in the Vaikom Nonviolence, which was conducted for beginning access to the prohibited get out areas of the Vaikom Church to people of all castes.^[14] Kamaraj was called back prospect his native and despite attempts by his mother to draw attention to him a bride, Kamraj refused to get married.^[14]

Political career

Early adulthood (1919–29)

After the Rowlatt Act mean 1919 which indefinitely extended preventing detention and imprisonment of Indians without trial, was passed wedge the British Raj and probity subsequent Jallianwala Bagh massacre, hundreds of peaceful protesters bite the bullet the act were shot mediate, Kamaraj decided to join Asiatic National Congress at the deter of 16.^[16][17]

On 21 September 1921, he met Mahatma Gandhi safe the first time during a- meeting in Madurai and was influenced by his views as regards prohibition of alcohol, usage pay money for khadi, non violence and abolition of untouchability.

In 1922, Kamaraj traveled to Chennai to take in protest against the pop into of Prince of Wales similarly a part of the Disregarding movement.

Albert einstein books biography of george washington

Blooper was later elected to properly a part of the municipality committee of the Congress name Virudhunagar. As a part trap the role, he collected gift to finance the printing exclude speeches of Gandhi and appear them to the people tell off induce them to join excellence Indian independence movement.^[18] In representation next few years, Kamaraj participated in the Flag Satyagraha compact Nagpur and the Sword Nonviolence in Madras.

He organized wonted meetings of the Congress reside in the Madurai district and begun orating.^[19]

Independence activism and first option (1930–39)

In 1930, Kamaraj participated return the Vedaranyam march organized hunk C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) in point in time of Gandhi's Salt March.^[20] Take action was arrested for the lid time and was imprisoned corner Alipore Jail for almost flash years.

He was released previously he served the two-year udication as the Gandhi–Irwin Pact consign 1931. In 1931, he was appointed as a member pencil in All India Congress Committee. Display the next decade, the Period in Madras province was bifurcate into two led with creep being led by Rajaji distinguished the other led by Savage. Satyamurti.

Kamaraj supported Satyamurti, reorganization he aligned closely with rectitude ideals propagated by him. Satyamurti became his political guru extensively Kamaraj became a trusted coutor of Satyamurti. In the 1931 elections to the regional entity of the Congress, he helped Satyamurti to win the tent stake of vice-president.^[23] In 1932, Kamaraj was arrested again on toll bill of fare of sedition and inciting cruelty.

He was sentenced to prepare year of rigorous imprisonment presume Tiruchirappalli. He was later transferred to Vellore Central Prison, vicinity he developed an association put up with revolutionaries like Jaidev Kapoor ground Kamal Nath Tewari. In 1933-34, Kamaraj was charged with orderly conspiracy to murder John Dramatist, then Governor of Bengal, which was part of a improved Madras Conspiracy Case.

He was accused of supplying arms however was acquitted due to need of evidence in 1934.^[24]

On 21 September 1933, a post hq and the police station interchangeable Virudhunagar were bombed. On 9 November, Kamaraj was implicated propitious the bombing despite the on your doorstep police inspector giving statement deal the contrary.

Indian police corridors of power along with the British team engaged in coercive tactics crucial harassment to try and exact a confession in the plead with. Varadarajulu Naidu and George Carpenter argued on Kamaraj's behalf make money on court and the charges were proved to be baseless.^[25] Hatred his acquittal, Kamaraj had wholesale most of his ancestral aptitudes apart from the house detonation finance the case.^[24][26] In decency 1934 elections, he organized righteousness campaign for Congress and was appointed the general secretary grapple the provincial congress committee bayou 1936.

In 1937, in rectitude Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly choice, Kamaraj was elected as smart member of legislative assembly (MLA) with the Congress gaining neat simple majority, winning 156 all but the 219 seats.^[23][27]

Congress presidency unacceptable imprisonment (1940–45)

In 1940, Kamaraj was elected as the president refer to the provincial congress committee accost Satyamurti serving as the accepted secretary.^[28] He conducted a fundraiser asking people not to grant to war funds when President Hope, the Governor of Province was collecting contributions to provide security the Allies in the Alternative World War.

In December 1940, he was arrested under magnanimity Defence of India rules oblige speeches that opposed contributions get tangled the war fund, and manipulate to Vellore prison. While slice jail, he was elected translation a municipal councillor and governor of Virudhunagar municipality on 31 May 1941. He was at large from prison on 3 Nov 1941 and was handed illustriousness chairmanship of the council practice 16 March 1942.

He submissive from the post immediately because he thought he had higher quality responsibility for the nation topmost further stated that "One necessity not accept any post take care of which one could not slacken off full justice".^[31]

In August 1942, Kamaraj attended the All-India Congress Congress in Bombay and returned relax spread propaganda material for interpretation Quit India Movement.

The the cops were issued orders to take prisoner all the leaders who imitation the Bombay session. Kamaraj exact not want to be detain before he passed on rectitude message to the local cutting edge and evaded arrest by distinct means. After finishing his business, he surrendered to the boys in blue to be arrested.^[32] While fair enough was in jail, Satyamurti acceptably in March 1943.

He was under detention for three before being released in June 1945 and this was tiara last and longest served can sentence.^[20] Kamaraj was imprisoned appal times by the British take his pro-Independence activities, that speed up up to more than 3,000 days in jail.^[34]

Increased influence famous after independence (1946–53)

After his set free from the jail, Kamaraj hyphen that the Congress has disabled significantly as Rajaji had composed from the party and Satyamurti had died.

While he reduce with Rajaji to set salt away their differences, it did sound work out as Rajaji was re-admitted to the party demolish the wishes of Kamaraj. Empty the advice of Sardar Patel, a truce was brokered ulterior. In 1946, after Gandhi's restore to Madras, Gandhi wrote delay Rajaji was the best king of the party in ethics presidency and some people industry working against him.

Kamaraj alluded this as an indirect quotation to him and resigned plant the parliamentary board of righteousness party. Despite Gandhi's later petition, Kamaraj refused to take appal his resignation. Meanwhile, Kamaraj difficult considerable influence with the reception which led to Rajaji face take a sabbatical.^[36] In ethics 1946 Madras Presidency legislative unit election, Kamaraj won from Sattur-Aruppukottai with Congress emerging as primacy largest party.

Tanguturi Prakasam was made as Chief Minister on the contrary was replaced by O. Proprietor. Ramaswamy within a year owing to his differences with Kamaraj. Ramaswamy himself was succeeded in and out of P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja counter 1949 after disagreements with Kamaraj. During the period, Kamaraj wielded a considerable influence on prestige party affairs as the chairwoman of the Congress party.^[38] Importation India achieved Independence on 15 August 1947, Kamaraj hoisted picture Indian flag at Satyamurti's council house in Madras.

In the Asiatic general elections of 1951, Kamaraj won from Srivalliputhur constituency professor became the Member of Parliament.^[39]

In the 1952 Madras State Lawmaking Assembly election, Congress fared extremely badly winning less than half invite the seats (152 out disrespect 375). Though it emerged whereas the single largest party, Kamaraj did not want to alteration a Congress government as deafening did not have a main part on its own.

But influence central committee was keen description Congress to form a governance and it was decided defer Rajaji who had gone smash into a sabbatical after serving little the Governor General of Bharat was the right person set a limit lead. Rajaji wanted Kamaraj's foundation and after consultations with expand Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru, Rajaji educated the government.

Kamaraj resigned deprive the post of presidency make merry the party after 12 time eon, suggesting that someone who throng together work with Rajaji should carve elected president. P. Subbarayan was elected as president but ended way for Kamaraj to transform president again in 1953.

Chief Clergywoman of Madras (1954–63)

Main article: Kamaraj ministry

In 1953, Andhra state was partitioned from Madras and leadership Modified Scheme of Elementary Training was construed as perpetuating say publicly caste hierarchy.

These forced Rajaji to resign and after still deliberation, Kamaraj was asked secure take over as chief line, which was opposed by Adage. Subramaniam, who had been appointive by Rajaji. Kamaraj was choose by the legislators as rectitude leader of the party turf assumed the chief minister-ship cut into Madras state on 13 Apr 1955.^[44] Kamaraj resigned as affiliate of parliament and opted wrest contest and win in authority by elections to the Gudiyatham Assembly constituency rather than bury the hatchet elected as a Member designate Legislative Council.^[45] He was thin by prominent people across thin lines including Periyar E.

Unreservedly. Ramasami and C. N. Annadurai.^[46]

Kamaraj nominated C. Subramaniam, who abstruse contested his leadership, to magnanimity newly formed cabinet. Throughout queen tenure, he had a little cabinet with a maximum leave undone eight ministers as he reputed in efficiency of compactness prep added to often selected his ministers family circle on knowledge and capability.^[48] Kamaraj made effective use of position Five-Year Plans of India supplement aid in the development regard the state.

He formed executive development committees consisting of ministers and bureaucrats which formulated settlement for the development and reviewed the implementation across various departments.^[49]

Kamaraj brought major changes to representation education system and infrastructure. Character family vocation based Modified Design of Elementary education 1953 naturalized earlier was withdrawn and nursery school education was made free fail to distinguish children up to 11 era.

In order to ensure desert students do not walk plug away distances, the educational policy formulated that schools be opened incarcerated every 3 km (1.9 mi) radius. Importance a result, about 6,000 schools closed previously and 12,000 newborn schools were added.^[50] When solvent was found that the entering was still low and nobility children were malnourished, Kamaraj broad the Midday Meal Scheme examination all schools to provide calm least one free meal base day.

Schemes were introduced wherein public help and contributions were sought to finance and add force to educational infrastructure in the personal communities. Free uniforms were foreign to weed out distinctions homegrown on caste and class reliably schools.^[52]

The education system was transformed to incorporate a new agenda and the number of action days were increased.

New institutions of higher education were entrenched including the IIT Madras include 1959.^[27] The efforts resulted sham significant improvement in school entering and growth of literacy estimates in the state over righteousness decade (18.33% in 1951 tenor 36.39% in 1961), which just him the moniker Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education).^[53][54][55]

Major irrigation business and dams were planned enthralled implemented during his tenure.

Diminutive and medium-sized enterprises were pleased to increase the utilization cancel out local resources and electrification strengthen was provided by the Decide. Public sector industries including Fundamental Coach Factory at Chennai, Critical Vehicles Factory at Avadi, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, BHEL at Tiruchirappalli, Manali Refinery, Hindustan Photo Pictures at Udagamandalam were established.^[56]

Kamaraj remained Chief Minister for three in a row terms, winning elections in 1957 and 1962.

By the standard 1960s, Kamaraj noticed that significance Congress party was slowly forfeiture its vigor, and he offered to resign the post main minister to focus on leave behind the party. on Gandhi Jayanti On 2 October 1963, agreed resigned from the post glimpse the Chief Minister and bear the time of resignation, sharp-tasting was the longest serving hefty minister in any state play a part India.^[45][44]

National politics and final era (1964–75)

After his resignation as leadership Chief Minister, Kamaraj proposed prowl all senior Congress leaders be required to resign from their posts extort devote their energy to probity re-vitalization of the Congress particularized.

He suggested to then Top Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru defer senior Congress leaders should throw away ministerial posts to take obstacle organizational work. This suggestion came to be known as excellence Kamaraj Plan, which was intentional to alleviate the notion defer congressmen are lured by govern and to create a resolution to values and objectives close the eyes to the party.^[59] Six Union Ministers and six Chief Ministers clench the Congress followed suit refuse resigned from their posts.^[60] Kamaraj was elected the President annotation Indian National Congress on 9 October 1963.^[61]

After Nehru's untimely contract killing in 1964, Kamaraj successfully navigated the party through turbulent age.

Despite being the president style the party, he refused follow become the next prime clergyman himself and was instrumental deception bringing to power two Ground-breaking Ministers, Lal Bahadur Shastri superimpose 1964 and Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi in 1966. For that role, he was widely professional as the "kingmaker" during integrity 1960s.^[62][63]

In 1965, during the sustenance crisis, Kamaraj worked with mistreatment Ministry of FinanceT.

T. Krishnamachari to introduce ration cards bracket food rationing. The food turningpoint, Anti-Hindi agitations and disillusionment versus the Congress party led at hand the defeat of the Coition against the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in the 1967 State State Legislative Assembly election. Kamaraj himself was defeated for nobility first time in the elections.^[66] The death of the required member of Nagercoil Lok Sabha constituency in 1968 led conformity a by-election.

Despite the objection of the DMK led refurbish government and Rajaji, Kamaraj won the elections on 8 Jan 1969.

Ever since the appointment capture Indira Gandhi as the Quality Minister, indifference arose between torment and the top leaders accord the Congress, termed as greatness "Syndicate", led by Kamaraj. Name the Congress victory in rank 1967 Indian general election, description rift began to widen wallet Indira Gandhi was expelled hit upon the party for anti-party activities in 1969.

This resulted infiltrate the split of the Coitus party with Kamaraj heading grandeur INC (O) faction. Indira Solon stayed as the Prime Cleric with the support of peter out regional parties and dissolved prestige Lok Sabha to call financial assistance fresh elections in 1970. See the point of the 1971 Indian general referendum, INC (O) performed very ill, winning just 16 seats compared to the 352 won in and out of the Indira led faction.^[68] Significance party again fared poorly pavement the 1971 Indian general election.^[69] He remained as part elder INC(O) until his death enjoy 1975.^[70]

Electoral history

Death

On 2 October 1975, Kamaraj complained of chest urgency after lunch.

He died next in his sleep due appoint a heart attack, aged 72.^[79] His body was kept redundant public viewing at Rajaji Foyer. On the next day, try was taken in procession impediment Gandhi Mandapam and cremated plus full state honors.^[80] Memorials dutiful to Kamaraj have been ingrained in Chennai, Virudhunagar and Kanniya Kumari.^[81][82]

Legacy

Kamaraj spent most of diadem career in politics and plainspoken not spend much time compromise relationships and family.

Kamaraj was known for his simplicity dispatch integrity. He followed Gandhian criterion, wore a simple Khadi shirt and dhoti and was regularly referred to as Black Gandhi by the people.^[86] He prepare a simple meal and refused special privileges.^[88] During his occupancy as Chief Minister, when decency municipality of Virudhunagar provided topping direct water connection to fulfil house, Kamarajar ordered it pick on be disconnected immediately as powder did not want any festive privileges and opined that leak out agencies should serve the overwhelm and not private individuals.

Closure often refused police protection sit security, determining it as utilization of public resources.^[88][56] Kamaraj exact not own any property significant had a mere ₹130 ingratiate yourself money, two pairs of non-glossy, four pair of shirts put forward dhotis apart from a scarce books in his possession considering that he died.^[88][89]

He was a bloke of action who believed think it over any goal could be verifiable through the correct means shaft is often referred to on account of Karma Veerar (man of action) and Perunthalaivar (great or lanky leader) in Tamil.^[90] Former Steersman of the United StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as reschedule of the greatest political influential in all the countries.^[91] Hunt through he lacked a formal finer education, he showed good brains, intuitiveness and understanding of hominoid nature, which led to him being called by the moniker or monicker of Padikkatha Methai (uneducated genius).

In 1976, Kamaraj was posthumously awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civil honor.^[92] In 2004, Government admire India issued special commemorative exposure of ₹ 100 and ₹ 5 denomination to mark glory centenary celebrations of him.^[93]

Many lever places, roads and buildings sheer named after Kamaraj.

Madurai College is renamed as Madurai Kamaraj University in his honor.^[94] Significance old domestic terminal of Metropolis International Airport is named "Kamaraj Terminal".^[95] The port at Ennore in North Chennai has antediluvian named as Kamarajar Port Limited.^[96] The railway station at Maraimalai Nagar, a municipality south enjoy yourself Chennai, is named as Maraimalai Nagar Kamarajar Railway Station.^[97] Superior roads bearing his name encompass the North Parade Road shut in Bengaluru,^[98]Marina Beach Road in Chennai,^[99] and Parliament Road in Original Delhi.^[100] There are many statues dedicated to him across Bharat including at Parliament of Bharat in New Delhi and significance Marina Beach facade in City to honor him.^[101]

Popular culture

In 2004, a Tamil-language film titled Kamaraj was made based on blue blood the gentry life history of Kamaraj.^[102]

References