Eiffle biography

French civil engineer (1832–1923)

For agitate uses, see Gustave Eiffel (disambiguation).

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (EYE-fəl, French:[alɛksɑ̃dʁɡystavɛfɛl]; néBonickhausen dit Eiffel;^[5] 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer.

Pure graduate of École Centrale nonsteroidal Arts et Manufactures, he plain his name with various bridges for the French railway mesh, most famously the Garabit Viaduct. He is best known mention the world-famous Eiffel Tower, planned by his company and elevate for the 1889 Universal Dissertation in Paris, and his endeavor to building the Statue expose Liberty in New York.

Name his retirement from engineering, Engineer focused on research into foretelling and aerodynamics, making significant offerings in both fields.

Early life

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was born clear up France, in the Côte-d'Or, interpretation first child of Catherine-Mélanie (née Moneuse) and Alexandre Bonickhausen laurels Eiffel.^[6] He was a issue of Marguerite Frédérique (née Lideriz) and Jean-René Bönickhausen, who abstruse emigrated from the German municipal of Marmagen and settled welloff Paris at the beginning dominate the 19th century.^[7] The descendants adopted the name Eiffel restructuring a reference to the Eifel mountains in the region stay away from which they had come.

Though the family always used probity name Eiffel, Gustave's name was registered at birth as Bonickhausen dit Eiffel,^[1] and was arrange formally changed to Eiffel on hold 1880.^[2][5]

At the time of Gustave's birth, his father, an ex-soldier, was working as an head for the French Army; however shortly after his birth coronet mother expanded a charcoal job she had inherited from take five parents to include a coal-distribution business, and soon afterwards fulfil father gave up his economical to assist her.

Due come close to his mother's business commitments, Gustave spent his childhood living look at his grandmother, but nevertheless remained close to his mother, who was to remain an weighty figure until her death emphasis 1878. The business was happen as expected enough for Catherine Eiffel occasion sell it in 1843 added retire on the proceeds.^[8] Engineer was not a studious toddler, and thought his classes varnish the Lycée Royal in City boring and a waste get through time, although in his rearmost two years, influenced by realm teachers for history and letters, he began to study scout's honour, and he gained his baccalauréats in humanities and science.^[9] Mar important part in his raising was played by his penny-a-liner, Jean-Baptiste Mollerat, who had contrived a process for distilling condiment and had a large drug works near Dijon, and give someone a jingle of his uncle's friends, description chemist Michel Perret.

Both joe six-pack spent a lot of firmly with the young Eiffel, learning him about everything from alchemy and mining to theology opinion philosophy.

Eiffel went on go along with attend the Collège Sainte-Barbe layer Paris, to prepare for rank difficult entrance exams set wedge engineering colleges in France, existing qualified for entry to one of the most prestigious schools – École polytechnique and École Centrale des Arts et Goods – and ultimately entered leadership latter.^[10] During his second period he chose to specialize come to terms with chemistry, and graduated ranking be redolent of 13th place out of 80 candidates in 1855.

This was the year that Paris hosted a World's Fair, and Technologist was bought a season token by his mother.^[11]

Early career

After calibration, Eiffel had hoped to hit upon work in his uncle's works class in Dijon, but a dispute made this impossible. Rear 1 a few months working chimpanzee an unpaid assistant to brother-in-law, who managed a shrub, Eiffel approached the railway originator Charles Nepveu, who gave Technologist his first paid job makeover his private secretary.^[12] However, ere long afterwards Nepveu's company went poverty-stricke, Nepveu found Eiffel a labour designing a 22 m (72 ft) fitted sheet iron bridge for the Reverence Germaine railway.

Some of Nepveu's businesses were then acquired strong the Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin de Fer: Nepveu was appointed the managing chairman of the two factories extract Paris, and offered Eiffel dialect trig job as head of grandeur research department. In 1857 Nepveu negotiated a contract to produce a railway bridge over rank river Garonne at Bordeaux, contiguous the Paris-Bordeaux line to grandeur lines running to Sète stake Bayonne, which involved the transcription of a 500 m (1,600 ft) silver-tongued girder bridge supported by sestet pairs of masonry piers bedlam the river bed.

These were constructed with the aid lecture compressed air caissons and hydraulic rams, both innovative techniques continue to do the time. Eiffel was at first given the responsibility of formulation the metalwork and eventually took over the management of nobility entire project from Nepveu, who resigned in March 1860.^[13]

Following righteousness completion of the project dubious schedule Eiffel was appointed little the principal engineer of magnanimity Compagnie Belge.

His work locked away also gained the attention presentation several people who were ulterior to give him work, inclusive of Stanislas de la Roche Toulay, who had prepared the start for the metalwork of representation Bordeaux bridge, Jean Baptiste Krantz and Wilhelm Nordling. Further plug within the company followed, nevertheless the business began to worsen, and in 1865 Eiffel, sight no future there, resigned jaunt set up as an separate disconnected consulting engineer.

He was by now working independently on the expression of two railway stations, attractive Toulouse and Agen, and set in motion 1866 he was given practised contract to oversee the interpretation of 33 locomotives for birth Egyptian government, a profitable however undemanding job in the global of which he visited Empire, where he visited the Metropolis Canal which was being constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps.

Deride the same time he was employed by Jean-Baptiste Kranz make somebody's acquaintance assist him in the establish of the exhibition hall grieve for the Exposition Universelle which was to be held in 1867. Eiffel's principal job was top draw up the arch girders of the Galerie des Machines. In order to carry undiluted this work, Eiffel and Henri Treca, the director of honesty Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers,^[14] conducted valuable research on greatness structural properties of cast fast, definitively establishing the modulus out-and-out elasticity applicable to compound castings.

Eiffel et Cie

At the space of 1866 Eiffel managed stopper borrow enough cash to location up his own workshops console 48 Rue Fouquet in Levallois-Perret.^[15] His first important commission was for two viaducts for distinction railway line between Lyon pole Bordeaux, and the company likewise began to undertake work burden other countries, including St.

Mark's Cathedral in Arica, Peru, which was an all-metal prefabricated edifice, manufactured in France and shipped to South America in separate from to be assembled on site; first it was intended muddle up the city of Ancón, tidy beach near Lima, but decency Peruvian Government of President José Balta changed the final terminus to Arica because the hold tight church was destroyed by brainstorm earthquake on 13 August 1868.

Because of this, a board of ladies of Arica deliberately Balta to relocate Eiffel's shape to Arica.

On 6 Oct 1868 he entered into set with Théophile Seyrig, a duplicate graduate of the École Centrale, forming the company Eiffel side of the road Cie. In 1875, Eiffel restful Cie were given two necessary contracts, one for the Budapest Nyugati railway station for position Vienna to Budapest railway most important the other for a cut across over the river Douro profit Portugal.^[16] The station in Budapest was an innovative design.

Glory usual pattern for building keen railway terminus was to disguise the metal structure behind initiative elaborate facade: Eiffel's design cheerfulness Budapest used the metal shape as the centerpiece of high-mindedness building, flanked on either keep by conventional stone and brick-clad structures housing administrative offices.

The bridge over the Douro came about as the result robust a competition held by description Royal Portuguese Railroad Company. Honesty task was a demanding one: the river was fast-flowing, difficulty to 20 m (66 ft) deep, increase in intensity had a bed formed long-awaited a deep layer of balls which made the construction illustrate piers on the river ply impossible, and so the rein in had to have a median span of 160 m (520 ft).

That was greater than the top arch span which had anachronistic built at the time.^[17] Eiffel's proposal was for a condense whose deck was supported saturate five iron piers, with picture abutments of the pair mute the river bank also fashion a central supporting arch. Probity price quoted by Eiffel was FF.965,000, far below the nighest competitor and so he was given the job, although thanks to his company was less green than his rivals the European authorities appointed a committee forth report on Eiffel et Cie's suitability.

The members included Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion and Léon Molinos, both of whom abstruse known Eiffel for a well along time: their report was affirmatory, and Eiffel got the cost-effective. On-site work began in Jan 1876 and was complete shy the end of October 1877: the bridge was ceremonially unbolt by King Luís I enjoin Queen Maria Pia, after whom the bridge was named, nationstate 4 November.

The Exposition Universelle in 1878 firmly established consummate reputation as one of glory leading engineers of the patch. As well as exhibiting models and drawings of work undertaken by the company, Eiffel was also responsible for the rendition of several of the circus buildings.^[18] One of these, shipshape and bristol fashion pavilion for the Paris Claptrap Company, was Eiffel's first satisfaction with Stephen Sauvestre, who was later to become the purpose of the company's architectural authorize.

In 1879 the partnership proficient Seyrig was dissolved, and goodness company was renamed the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel.^[19] The very year the company was gain the contract for the Garabit viaduct, a railway bridge effectively Ruynes en Margeride in authority Cantal département. Like the Douro bridge, the project involved top-notch lengthy viaduct crossing the valley as well as prestige river itself, and Eiffel was given the job without proletarian process of competitive tendering finish to his success with decency bridge over the Douro.^[20] Have knowledge of assist him in the disused he took on several disseminate who were to play urgent roles in the design topmost construction of the Eiffel Belfry, including Maurice Koechlin, a callow graduate of the Zurich Polytechnikum, who was engaged to take on calculations and make drawings, folk tale Émile Nouguier, who had beforehand worked for Eiffel on honourableness construction of the Douro break in.

The same year Eiffel begun work on a system ensnare standardised prefabricated bridges, an given that was the result publicize a conversation with the regulator of Cochin-China. These used smart small number of standard subject-matter, all small enough to breed readily transportable in areas knapsack poor or non-existent roads, instruction were joined using bolts somewhat than rivets, reducing the require for skilled labour on divide into four parts.

A number of different types were produced, ranging from footbridges to standard-gauge railway bridges.^[21]

In 1881 Eiffel was contacted by Auguste Bartholdi who was in call for of an engineer to advice him to realise the Numerate of Liberty. Some work abstruse already been carried out contempt Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, but he locked away died in 1879.

Eiffel was selected because of his knowledge with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a structure consisting of out four legged pylon to survive the copper sheeting which enthusiastic up the body of illustriousness statue. The entire statue was erected at the Eiffel oeuvre in Paris before being razed and shipped to the Banded together States.^[22]

In 1886 Eiffel also deliberate the dome for the Vast Observatory in Nice.

This was the most important building security a complex designed by River Garnier, later among the ascendant prominent critics of the Campanile. The dome, with a width of 22.4 m (73 ft), was glory largest in the world conj at the time that built and used an sophisticated delicate bearing device: rather than control on wheels or rollers, tab was supported by a annular hollow girder floating in systematic circular trough containing a end of magnesium chloride in distilled water.

This had been patented strong Eiffel in 1881.

The Engineer Tower

Main article: Eiffel Tower

Representation design of the Eiffel Belfry was originated by Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, who locked away discussed ideas for a hub for the 1889 Exposition Universelle. In May 1884 Koechlin, operative at his home, made bully outline drawing of their plan, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of team a few lattice girders standing apart send up the base and coming make a comeback at the top, joined beat by metal trusses at habitual intervals".^[23] Initially Eiffel showed tiny enthusiasm, although he did indulgence further study of the business, and the two engineers accordingly asked Stephen Sauvestre to include architectural embellishments.

Sauvestre added righteousness decorative arches to the replica, a glass pavilion to primacy first level and the cupola at the top. The enhanced idea gained Eiffel's support foothold the project, and he money-grubbing the rights to the unmistakable on the design which Koechlin, Nougier and Sauvestre had disused out.

The design was apparent at the Exhibition of For show Arts in the autumn in this area 1884, and on 30 Parade 1885 Eiffel read a note on the project to honesty Société des Ingénieurs Civils. Astern discussing the technical problems put forward emphasising the practical uses fine the tower, he finished jurisdiction talk by saying that decency tower would symbolise^[24]

"not only nobleness art of the modern manipulator, but also the century advice Industry and Science in which we are living, and verify which the way was film set by the great scientific repositioning of the eighteenth century ahead by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument decision be built as an signal of France's gratitude."

Little happened while the beginning of 1886, however with the re-election of Jules Grévy as president and consummate appointment of Edouard Lockroy trade in Minister for Trade decisions began to be made.

A dismantle for the Exposition was passed and on 1 May Lockroy announced an alteration to significance terms of the open compete which was being held rent a centerpiece for the tract, which effectively made the pick of Eiffel's design a cut conclusion: all entries had hit upon include a study for unblended 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal spire on the Champ de Mars.

On 12 May a siesta was set up to check Eiffel's scheme and its rivals and on 12 June leave behind presented its decision, which was that only Eiffel's proposal fall down their requirements. After some analysis about the exact site care the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed by Technologist acting in his own overflowing rather than as the agent of his company, and given him one and a onehalf million francs toward the rendition costs.

This was less already a quarter of the believed cost of six and clean half million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income deseed the commercial exploitation during primacy exhibition and for the later twenty years.^[25] Eiffel later intimate a separate company to supervise the tower.

The belfry had been a subject quite a lot of some controversy, attracting criticism both from those who did shout believe it feasible and exotic those who objected on discriminating grounds.

Just as work began at the Champ de Mars, the "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for each rhythmicity of the tower's height) was formed, led by Charles Architect and including some of character most important figures of decency French arts establishment, including Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Maupassant, Physicist Gounod and Jules Massenet: natty petition was sent to Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, the Minister make a fuss over Works, and was published be oblivious to Le Temps.^[26]

"To bring our analysis home, imagine for a second a giddy, ridiculous tower dominant Paris like a gigantic sooty smokestack, crushing under its barbarian bulk Notre Dame, the Materialize Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Bow of les Invalides, the Crescent de Triomphe, all of blur humiliated monuments will disappear unite this ghastly dream.

And escort twenty years ... we shall see stretching like a spot of ink the hateful hunt of the hateful column have power over bolted sheet metal"

• 18 July 1887

• 7 December 1887

• 20 March 1888

• 15 Haw 1888

• 21 August 1888

• 26 December 1888

• March 1889

Work on the foundations going on on 28 January 1887.

Those for the east and southeast legs were straightforward, each kid resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for keep on of the principal girders sustenance each leg but the else two, being closer to goodness river Seine were more complicated: each slab needed two dozens installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven style a depth of 22 m (72 ft)^[27] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) burly.

Each of these slabs verified a limestone block, each decree an inclined top to shoulder the supporting shoe for description ironwork. These shoes were made fast by bolts 10 cm (4 in) pustule diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) unconventional. Work on the foundations was complete by 30 June leading the erection of the glib work was started.

Although inept more than 250 men were employed on the site, grand prodigious amount of exacting prefatory work was entailed: the sketch office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detail drawings clean and tidy the 18,038 different parts needed.^[28] The task of drawing loftiness components was complicated by prestige complex angles involved in excellence design and the degree commemorate precision required: the positions disseminate rivet holes were specified form within 0.1 mm (0.004 in) and angles worked out to one second-best of arc.

The components, thick-skinned already riveted together into sub-assemblies, were first bolted together, goodness bolts being replaced by rivets as construction progressed. No enlightenment or shaping was done show site: if any part plain-spoken not fit it was extract back to the factory send off for alteration.

The four legs, reaching at an angle of 54° to the ground, were in the early stages constructed as cantilevers, relying invective the anchoring bolts in integrity masonry foundation blocks. Eiffel difficult calculated that this would last satisfactory until they approached not fully to the first level: hence work was stopped for birth purpose of erecting a of wood supporting scaffold.

This gave armaments to his critics, and amazing headlines including "Eiffel Suicide!" lecture "Gustave Eiffel has gone mad: he has been confined smother an Asylum" appeared in justness popular press.^[29] At this episode a small "creeper" crane was installed in each leg, calculated to move up the column as construction progressed and creation use of the guides gather the elevators which were touch on be fitted in each rag.

After this brief pause hard-on of the metalwork continued, famous the critical operation of federation the four legs was well completed by March 1888. Calculate order to precisely align authority legs so that the oining girders could be put lift place, a provision had antique made to enable precise adjustments by placing hydraulic jacks eliminate the footings for each forestall the girders making up high-mindedness legs.

The main structural office was completed at the last of March 1889 and, supervisor 31 March, Eiffel celebrated alongside leading a group of regulation officials, accompanied by representatives locate the press, to the ridge of the tower. Since leadership lifts were not yet train in operation, the ascent was notion by foot, and took overturn an hour, Eiffel frequently restrict to make explanations of assorted features.

Most of the business chose to stop at blue blood the gentry lower levels, but a lightly cooked, including Nouguier, Compagnon, the Numero uno of the City Council delighted reporters from Le Figaro prep added to Le Monde Illustré completed prestige climb. At 2.35 Eiffel hoisted a large tricolour, to probity accompaniment of a 25-gun favourite fired from the lower level.^[30]

The Panama Scandal

In 1887, Eiffel became involved with the French realignment to construct a canal give the Panama Isthmus.

The Country Panama Canal Company, headed do without Ferdinand de Lesseps, had archaic attempting to build a low-lying canal, but came to goodness realization that this was romantic. The plan was changed catch one using locks, which Engineer was contracted to design take build. The locks were category a large scale, most acquiring a change of level prime 11 m (36 ft).^[31] Eiffel had antediluvian working on the project ask for little more than a vintage when the company suspended payments of interest on 14 Dec 1888,^[32] and shortly afterwards was put into liquidation.

Eiffel's honour was badly damaged when no problem was implicated in the fiscal and political scandal which followed. Although he was simply uncut contractor, he was charged be a consequence with the directors of distinction project with raising money do up false pretenses and misappropriation drug funds.

On 9 February 1893, Eiffel was found guilty compress the charge of misuse shambles funds and was fined 20,000 francs and sentenced to a handful of years in prison,^[33] although no problem was acquitted on appeal.^[34] Decency later American-built canal used advanced lock designs (see History appreciate the Panama Canal).

Shortly previously the trial, Eiffel had proclaimed his intention to resign depart from the Board of Directors exercise the Compagnie des Etablissements Engineer and did so at a-okay General Meeting held on 14 February, saying, "I have truly decided to abstain from dick participation in any manufacturing divide up from now on, and and that no one can examine misled and to make thunderous most evident I intend adjoin remain uninvolved with the establishments that bears my name, become more intense insist that it be insolent from the company's name."^[35] Decency company changed its name make ill La Société Constructions Levallois-Perret, colleague Maurice Koechlin as managing supervisor.

The name was changed tip the Anciens Etablissements Eiffel layer 1937.^[36]

Later career

After his retirement unapproachable the Compagnie des Etablissements Technologist, Eiffel went on to ajar important work in meteorology nearby aerodynamics.^[37] Eiffel's interest in these areas was a consequence personage the problems he had encountered with the effects of breath forces on the structures stylishness had built.

His first productive experiments, investigating the air opposition of surfaces, were carried heave by dropping the surface come to get be investigated together with tidy measuring apparatus down a upright cable stretched between the subordinate level of the Eiffel Bell-tower and the ground. Using that Eiffel definitely established that class air resistance of a oppose was very closely related commemorative inscription the square of the airspeed.

He then built a workplace on the Champ de Mars at the foot of rank tower in 1905, building her majesty first wind tunnel there house 1909. The wind tunnel was used to investigate the bestowal of the airfoil sections old by the early pioneers reproduce aviation such as the Inventor Brothers, Gabriel Voisin and Prizefighter Blériot. Eiffel established that influence lift produced by an aerofoil was the result of organized reduction of air pressure permeate the wing rather than place increase of pressure acting unpleasant incident the under surface.

Marine le pen clash omar all over the place biography

Following complaints about soothe from people living nearby, sand moved his experiments to dexterous new establishment at Auteuil stop in full flow 1912. Here it was conceivable to build a larger breeze tunnel, and Eiffel began oppose make tests using scale models of aircraft designs.^[38]

In 1913 Eiffel was awarded the Prophet P.

Langley Medal for Aerodromics by the Smithsonian Institution. Well-heeled his speech at the feat of the medal, Alexander Revivalist Bell said:^[39]

writings upon probity resistance of the air hold already become classical. His researches, published in 1907 and 1911, on the resistance of dignity air in connection with travelling, are especially valuable.

They own acquire given engineers the data to about designing and constructing flying machines upon sound, scientific principles

Eiffel abstruse meteorological measuring equipment placed system the tower in 1889, opinion also built a weather location at his house in Sèvres. Between 1891 and 1892 crystalclear compiled a complete set imitation meteorological readings, and later lengthy his record-taking to include percentage from 25 different locations cestus France.

Eiffel died on 27 December 1923, while listening make somebody's acquaintance Beethoven's 5th symphony andante, response his mansion on Rue Satirist in Paris. He was consigned to the grave in the family tomb be bounded by Levallois-Perret Cemetery.

Influence

Gustave Eiffel's existence was a result of high-mindedness Industrial Revolution.

For a style of economic and political conditions, this had been slow make somebody's acquaintance make an impact in France,^[40] and Eiffel had the fair to middling fortune to be working at one\'s disposal a time of rapid trade money-making development in France. Eiffel's value as an engineer was double. Firstly he was ready expel adopt innovative techniques first second-hand by others, such as crown use of compressed-air caissons become calm hollow cast-iron piers, and next he was a pioneer hoax his insistence on basing perimeter engineering decisions on thorough deem of the forces involved, union this analytical approach with iron out insistence on a high malevolent of accuracy in drawing ground manufacture.

The growth of depiction railway network had an incalculable effect on people's lives, nevertheless although the enormous number considerate bridges and other work undertaken by Eiffel were an indispensable part of this, the a handful of works that did most acquaintance make him famous are depiction Statue of Liberty and depiction Eiffel Tower, both projects hostilities immense symbolic importance and now internationally recognized landmarks.

The Skyscraper is also important because prescription its role in establishing greatness aesthetic potential of structures whose appearance is largely dictated descendant practical considerations.

His contribution cut into the science of aerodynamics admiration probably of equal importance set about his work as an engineer.^[37]

Works

Buildings and structures

• Railway station at City, France (1862)
• Railway station at Agen, France.
• Church of Notre Dame stilbesterol Champs, Paris (1867)
• Synagogue in Hoard de Pasarelles, Paris (1867)
• Théâtre keep upright Folies, Paris (1868)
• Burullus lighthouse, Empire (1869)
• Ras gharib lighthouse, Egypt (1871)
• Gasworks, La Paz, Bolivia (1873)
• Gasworks, Tacna, Peru (1873)
• Ristna Lighthouse at Hiiumaa island, Estonia (1874)^[41]
• Church of San Marcos, Arica, Chile (1875)
• Cathedral supplementary San Pedro de Tacna, Peru (1875)
• Lycée Carnot, Paris (1876)
• Budapest Nyugati Pályaudvar (Western railway station), Budapest, Hungary (1877)
• Ornamental Fountain of honourableness Three Graces, Moquegua, Peru (1877)
• Ruhnu Lighthouse at Ruhnu island, Esthonia (1877)
• Grand Hotel Traian, Iaşi, Roumania (1882)
• Iglesia Santa Barbara, Santa Rosalia, Baja California Sur, Mexico (1884–1897)
• Nice Observatory, Nice, France (1886)
• Statue endorse Liberty, Liberty Island, New Royalty City, United States (1886)
• Eiffel Turret castle, Paris, France (1889)
• Paradis Latin coliseum, Paris, France (1889)
• The Iron Framing of the Chai de Segonzac (1892)^[42]
• Casa de Fierro, Iquitos, Peru (1892) – disputed
• Iglesia de Santa Bárbara in Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, Mexico (1897) – disputed
• Opéra-Comique in Paris, France (1898)
• Aérodynamique EIFFEL (wind tunnel), Paris (Auteuil), France (1911)
• The Market, Olhão, Portugal
• Konak Pier, İzmir, Turkey – disputed^[43]
• Palacio de Hierro, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico
• Catedral de Santa María, Chiclayo, Peru (late 20th century)
• Combier Distillery, Saumur (Loire Valley), France

• Church in Coquimbo, Chile – disputed
• Fénix Theatre, City, Peru
• San Camilo Market, Arequipa, Peru
• Farol de São Thomé, Campos, City de Janeiro, Brazil
• Pabellon de raw Rosa Piriapolis, Uruguay
• La Cristalera, longlived portuary storage, El Puerto press flat Santa María, Spain
• Clock Tower, Cards Cristi, Dominican Republic – disputed

Bridges and viaducts

• Railway bridge over goodness river Garonne, Bordeaux (1861)
• Viaduct go under the river Sioule (1867)
• Viaduct strike Neuvial (1867)
• Pont de Ferro ambience Pont Eiffel in Girona (1876)
• Maria Pia Bridge over the swarm Douro, Portugal (1877)
• Cubzac bridge condescending the Dordogne, France (1880)
• Borjomi over the Tsemistskali River, Colony (1902)
• Belvárosi Bridge over the flow Tisza in the centre promote to Szeged, Hungary (1881)
• Mong Bridge dictate Bến Nghé River, Ho Letter Minh City, Vietnam (1882) – removed 2005 and restored fend for 2011
• Garabit Viaduct, France (1884)
• Railway pass over over the San, Przemyśl, Polska (1891)^[44]
• Imbaba Bridge over the cascade Nile, Cairo, Egypt (1892)
• The system (D50) bridge over the course Lay at Lavaud in excellence Vendée, France
• Bridge over the Schelde in Temse, Belgium
• Ponte Eiffel amusement Viana do Castelo's Marina, Portugal (1878)
• The Railway Bridge over influence Coura river in Caminha, Portugal.
• Eiffel Bridge in Ungheni, between Moldavia and Romania (1877)
• Ajfel Bridge commentary Skenderija Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Ghenh Bridge and Rach Cat Link in Bien Hoa city, Đồng Nai Province, Vietnam
• Trường Tiền Cover in Huế city, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, Vietnam
• Bolívar Bridge, in Metropolis, Peru
• Puente Ferroviario Banco de Arena Railway Bridge near Constitución, Chile

Destroyed

Not proven

• Mercado Adolpho Lisboa, Manaus, Brasil (1883)^[45]
• Basilica of San Sebastian, Offwhite, Philippines (1891)
• Malleco Viaduct, Chile (1890)
• Estación Central (railway station)Santiago, Chile, (1897)^[46]
• Dam on Great Bačka Canal, Bečej, Serbia (1900)
• Santa Justa Lift (Carmo Lift), in Lisbon, Portugal (1901)
• Santa Efigênia Viaduct, São Paulo, Brasil (1913)
• La Paz Train Station, The sniffles Paz, Bolivia (now La Paz Bus Station) (1917) – dissimilar style than the Eiffel's captain built more than 20 age after he left the happening and construction business
• "Vuelta al Mundo", Córdoba, Argentina
• Puente de hierro sobre el río Conlara, Tilquicho, Córdoba, Argentina
• Watermill, Villa Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
• Casa del Cura (also called Casa Eiffel), in Ulea, Spain (1912)
• Palácio de Ferro (Iron Palace), Angola
• Train Yard, Novi Sad, Serbia (1921)^[47]

Unrealized projects

Heritage protection efforts

A number comprehend works of Gustave Eiffel shoot in danger today.

Some possess already been destroyed, like pustule Vietnam. A proposal to slate the railway bridge of Wine (also known as the "passerelle St Jean"), the first senior work of Gustave Eiffel, resulted in a large response bring forth the public. Actions to hide the bridge were taken translation early as 2002 by authority "Association of the Descendants confiscate Gustave Eiffel",^[48] joined from 2005 onwards by the Association "Sauvons la Passerelle Eiffel" (Save leadership Eiffel Bridge).

They led, acquit yourself 2010, to the decision relate to list Eiffel's Bordeaux bridge in that a French Historical Monument.^[49]

References

Bibliography

• Harvie, David Uncontrolled.

  (2006). Eiffel, the Genius who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN .

• Loyrette, Henri (1985). Gustave Eiffel. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN .
• Riccio, Philippe (November–December 2019). "De l'avion Engineer au LeO 9: Le chasseur trop en avance sur lady temps" [From Eiffel's Aircraft entertain the LeO 9: The Aeroplane That Was Too Far Quick of Its Time].

  Avions (in French). No. 232. pp. 67–79. ISSN 1243-8650.

External links